AP Bio - Macroevolution

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22 Terms

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Speciation

The process by which new species arise.

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Allopatric Speciation

Occurs when populations are geographically separated, leading to the formation of new species.

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Sympatric Speciation

Occurs within the same geographic area, often due to habitat differentiation, polyploidy, or chromosome mutations.

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Prezygotic Barriers

Prevent fertilization between different species.

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Postzygotic Barriers

Occur after fertilization, reducing hybrid viability or fertility.

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Fossil Records

Show changes in species over time and provide evidence for evolution.

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Homologous Structures

Traits inherited from a common ancestor.

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Natural Selection

The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce.

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The Great Oxygenation Event

Around 2.4 billion years ago, cyanobacteria started producing oxygen, leading to the oxygenation of Earth’s atmosphere.

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RNA World Hypothesis

Proposes that life may have started with self-replicating RNA molecules before the evolution of DNA and proteins.

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Miller-Urey Experiment

An experiment that simulated early Earth conditions to show how organic molecules like amino acids could form spontaneously.

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Endosymbiotic Theory

Proposes that eukaryotic cells evolved from a symbiotic relationship between early prokaryotic cells.

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Clade

A group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all its descendants.

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Monophyletic

A clade consisting of a single ancestral species and all its descendants.

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Gradualism

Evolutionary changes occur slowly and gradually over long periods.

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Behavioral Isolation

A prezygotic barrier that occurs when two species have different mating behaviors.

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Hybrid Breakdown

A postzygotic barrier where hybrids may be viable and fertile but their offspring are inviable or sterile.

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Polyphyletic

A group with members from different ancestral lines.

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Analogous Structures

Similar traits due to convergent evolution, not due to common ancestry.

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Embryology

The study of the similarities in early development stages in different species, providing evidence for evolution.

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Biogeography

The geographic distribution of species, showing how species are influenced by geographic locations.

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Chromosome Mutations

Changes in chromosome structure that can prevent successful interbreeding.