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Speciation
The process by which new species arise.
Allopatric Speciation
Occurs when populations are geographically separated, leading to the formation of new species.
Sympatric Speciation
Occurs within the same geographic area, often due to habitat differentiation, polyploidy, or chromosome mutations.
Prezygotic Barriers
Prevent fertilization between different species.
Postzygotic Barriers
Occur after fertilization, reducing hybrid viability or fertility.
Fossil Records
Show changes in species over time and provide evidence for evolution.
Homologous Structures
Traits inherited from a common ancestor.
Natural Selection
The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce.
The Great Oxygenation Event
Around 2.4 billion years ago, cyanobacteria started producing oxygen, leading to the oxygenation of Earth’s atmosphere.
RNA World Hypothesis
Proposes that life may have started with self-replicating RNA molecules before the evolution of DNA and proteins.
Miller-Urey Experiment
An experiment that simulated early Earth conditions to show how organic molecules like amino acids could form spontaneously.
Endosymbiotic Theory
Proposes that eukaryotic cells evolved from a symbiotic relationship between early prokaryotic cells.
Clade
A group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all its descendants.
Monophyletic
A clade consisting of a single ancestral species and all its descendants.
Gradualism
Evolutionary changes occur slowly and gradually over long periods.
Behavioral Isolation
A prezygotic barrier that occurs when two species have different mating behaviors.
Hybrid Breakdown
A postzygotic barrier where hybrids may be viable and fertile but their offspring are inviable or sterile.
Polyphyletic
A group with members from different ancestral lines.
Analogous Structures
Similar traits due to convergent evolution, not due to common ancestry.
Embryology
The study of the similarities in early development stages in different species, providing evidence for evolution.
Biogeography
The geographic distribution of species, showing how species are influenced by geographic locations.
Chromosome Mutations
Changes in chromosome structure that can prevent successful interbreeding.
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