Geo (we cooked)

What city are you studying?

Singapore

What was Singapore's population in 2025?

Approximately 6.11 million people.

What percentage of Singapore's population was born overseas?

Approximately 43.1% in 2020.

What is Singapore's projected population in 2050?

Approximately 4.18 million according to the UN projection.

Is Singapore's population expected to increase or decrease by 2050?

Decrease.

Why is Singapore's population projected to decrease?

Mainly because of low fertility rates and an ageing population, although migration also affects population size.

What is an ageing population?

A population where the proportion of older people increases compared with younger and working-age people.

What was Singapore's old-age support ratio in 2025?

Approximately 3.3 working-age residents for every person aged 65 or older.

Name five major countries of origin for migrants to Singapore.

India, Malaysia, China, Bangladesh and Indonesia.

What is migration?

The movement of people from one place to another, often to live or work.

What is a push factor?

A factor that encourages people to leave their country or place of origin.

What is a pull factor?

A factor that attracts people to a new country or destination.

What are three push factors for migration to Singapore?

Limited employment opportunities, lower wages, and economic or political instability.

What are three pull factors for migration to Singapore?

Higher wages, employment opportunities, and a safe working environment.

What other pull factors attract migrants to Singapore?

Good education, infrastructure, public services and career opportunities.

Why is migration important to Singapore's economy?

Migrants provide workers and skills that help address labour shortages.

What industries rely on migrant workers in Singapore?

Industries such as construction and other sectors that experience labour shortages.

How does migration benefit Singapore economically?

It provides workers and skills, supports businesses, increases production and contributes to economic activity.

What is one economic disadvantage of migration?

A large migrant population can increase demand for housing, transport and infrastructure.

Why does Singapore need to manage its foreign workforce?

Singapore has limited land and resources, so rapid population growth can put pressure on infrastructure.

How could a smaller population benefit Singapore economically?

It could reduce pressure on infrastructure, housing and resources.

What is a major economic problem caused by an ageing population?

Labour shortages caused by fewer working-age people.

Why can an ageing population affect economic growth?

Fewer working-age people are available to support businesses and the economy.

How could an ageing population affect healthcare?

It could increase demand for healthcare and aged-care services.

How can migration benefit Singapore socially?

It increases cultural diversity and brings different languages, traditions and experiences.

How can migrants contribute to Singaporean society?

They fill important jobs and contribute to the workforce.

How can migration put pressure on housing?

More people create greater demand for housing.

How can migration affect public transport?

More people can lead to greater congestion and crowding.

What social challenge can cultural differences create?

Difficulties with social integration can sometimes occur.

How could population decline benefit quality of life?

It could reduce overcrowding and pressure on public services and infrastructure.

What is a social disadvantage of an ageing population?

Greater demand for healthcare and aged-care services.

What happens to the old-age support ratio as a population ages?

It decreases, meaning fewer working-age people support each older person.

How can migration affect Singapore's environment negatively?

A larger population increases demand for water, energy, food and land and can produce more waste.

Why is Singapore's limited land important?

There is strong competition between housing, infrastructure, industry and green space.

How could a declining population benefit Singapore's environment?

It could reduce resource consumption and waste production.

Why will population decline not solve all of Singapore's environmental problems?

Singapore will still face climate-change risks and needs to maintain its infrastructure.

What is an economic sustainability strategy for Singapore?

Developing a green economy, including green finance, carbon services and sustainability technologies.

What is one benefit of developing a green economy?

It can create new jobs and attract investment.

What is one disadvantage of developing a green economy?

Developing new technologies and industries can be expensive.

What is a major social sustainability strategy for Singapore?

Expanding public transport and cycling infrastructure.

What is Singapore's 2030 mass public transport target?

75% during peak periods.

What is Singapore's planned cycling network?

Approximately 1,300 km by 2030.

How does public transport improve sustainability?

It can reduce car dependence, traffic congestion and emissions.

What is one disadvantage of expanding public transport?

It is expensive and construction can temporarily disrupt communities.

What is the Singapore Green Plan 2030?

A national plan designed to make Singapore more sustainable and resilient.

What are the five areas of the Singapore Green Plan 2030?

City in Nature, Energy Reset, Sustainable Living, Green Economy and Resilient Future.

How many additional trees does Singapore aim to plant by 2030?

1 million additional trees.

What is Singapore's park-access target?

Every household should be within a 10-minute walk of a park.

What is Singapore's waste-reduction target?

Reduce waste sent to landfill by 30%.

Why is planting trees useful?

It increases urban greenery, supports biodiversity and can improve the urban environment.

Why is reducing waste important?

It reduces pressure on landfill space and resources.

What does sustainable mean?

Something that can continue over time without using up resources or causing severe environmental damage.

What is population density?

The number of people living within a particular area.

What is infrastructure?

Essential systems and facilities such as transport, housing, water and electricity.

What is liveability?

How suitable a place is for people to live, work and enjoy a good quality of life.

What is a population projection?

An estimate of what a population may be like in the future based on current trends and assumptions.

What is a labour shortage?

When there are not enough workers available to fill jobs.

What is one major advantage of Singapore as a case study?

It has strong connections between migration, population change, limited land and sustainability.

What is one major disadvantage of migration in Singapore?

It can increase pressure on housing, transport, infrastructure and resources.

What is one major advantage of migration in Singapore?

It provides workers and skills that help the economy.

What is one major environmental challenge facing Singapore?

Limited land and pressure on resources caused by population and urban development.

What is one major social challenge facing Singapore?

An ageing population and the increasing demand for healthcare and aged care.

What is one major economic challenge facing Singapore?

Maintaining enough workers as the population ages and the working-age population becomes proportionally smaller.

What is the main argument you could use in an essay about Singapore?

Migration provides significant economic and social benefits, but population change creates infrastructure and environmental pressures that require sustainable urban management.

What should you do in an extended response instead of simply listing facts?

Explain cause and effect, use evidence, analyse impacts and evaluate the effectiveness of strategies.

What are the three categories of impacts in Q2?

Economic, social and environmental.

What three areas must you provide sustainable strategies for in Q3?

Economic, social and environmental.

How long do you have to write the extended response?

45 minutes.

Can you take your research scaffold into the exam?

No. The scaffold must be submitted before the exam and cannot be taken into the test.

What does GE 5-3 assess?

Your ability to analyse the effects of interactions and connections between people, places and environments.

What does GE 5-5 assess?

Your ability to assess management strategies for places and environments for their sustainability.

What does GE 5-7 assess?

Your ability to acquire and process geographical information using appropriate geographical tools.

What does GE 5-8 assess?

Your ability to communicate geographical information to different audiences using a variety of strategies.

What are the three key steps to use in an essay?

Identify the issue, explain its impacts using evidence, then evaluate how effectively sustainable strategies address it.

What is a strong geographical word for "more pressure"?

Increased demand or increased pressure on resources and infrastructure.

What is a strong geographical word for "people moving"?

Migration.

What is a strong geographical word for "city getting bigger"?

Urbanisation or urban growth.

What is a strong geographical word for "how good a place is to live"?

Liveability.

What is a strong geographical word for "looking after the future"?

Sustainability or sustainable management.