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mcc professor aretakis
What happens in the lag phase?
The number of cells does not increase, and the cells begin synthesizing enzymes for growth
What happens during the exponential (log) phase?
Cells divide at a constant rate and produce primary metabolites such as amino acids
During what phase of the growth curve are cells most sensitive to antibiotics?
exponential (log) phase
What happens during the late log phase?
secondary metabolites such as antibiotics are produced as nutrients are depleted and waste accumulates
What happens during the stationary phase?
Nutrient levels are too low to sustain growth. The total number of cells remain constant
What happens during the death phase?
Total number of viable cells decrease at a constant rate due to nutrient depletion and toxic accumulation.
How do prokaryotic cells divide?
binary fission is the process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
Antony Van Leeuwenhoek
first person to observe and describe microorganisms accurately- father of microbiology
Francesco Redi
(Italy 1668) Tested the hypothesis of spontaneous generation with flies on meat, and disproved it by demonstrating that maggots on decaying meat came from eggs laid by flies, not from the meat itself.
Louis Pasteur
Began pasteurizing milk to kill bacteria
John Tyndall
showed evidence that some microbes have very high heat resistance and are difficult to destroy
Robert Koch
Developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens
Christian Gram
Accidentally discovered dye reactions in 1884 while studying etiology of diseases in Berlin
Joseph Lister
Pioneered antiseptic surgery and introduced sterilization techniques to prevent infection.
Alexander Fleming
discovered penicillin
James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin, and Maurice Wilkins
Built first accepted DNA model explaining specific structure and properties of DNA.
Light reactions
use chlorophyll to capture the sun’s energy and produce ATP and NADPH (using hydrogen and high energy electrons from the breakup of water)
Dark reactions
use the products of light reactions (ATP and NADPH) to reduce carbon dioxide and make glyceraldehyde (3-carbon molecules). 2 glyceraldehyde molecules make up 1 glucose molecule.
describe the conditions under which the first microbes lived
moist and warm
define microorganism
a small living plant or animal seen only with a microscope- a microbe
What is photosynthesis
conversion from light energy from the sun into chemical energy
Products of the krebs cycle
1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2
Glycolysis products
2 pyruvates, 4 ATP, and NADH
What are cardinal temperatures?
the minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures at which an organism grows
What is optimum growth temperature?
The temperature at which a species grows the best
