Tiếng anh chuyên ngành 1 FTU phần 2

Logistics

the marketing activity that involves planning, implementing, and controlling the physical flow of materials, final goods, and related information from points of origin to points of consumption to meet customer requirements at a profit.

Inbound logistics

the area of logistics that involves bringing raw materials, packaging, other goods and services, and information from suppliers to producers.

Materials handling

the movement of goods within a warehouse, from warehouses to the factory floor, and from the factory floor to various workstations.

Outbound logistics

the area of logistics that involves managing the flow of finished products and information to business buyers and ultimate consumers (pp like you and me).

Reverse logistics

the area of logistics that involves bringing goods back to the manufacturer because of defects or for recycling.

PULL STRATEGIES

are based on current demand

PULL SYSTEMS

only buy or produce things when they are needed

KABAN SYSTEMS

signal that items need to be replaced

PUSH STRATEGIES

are based on estimated future demand

Push strategies often allow for safety stocks and lead times

Supply chain

a network of facilities that performs the function of procurement of materials, the transformation of these materials into finished products, and the distribution of these products to customers

Logistics management

the management of the flow of goods, information, and other resources, between the point of origin and the point of consumption

Customs clearance

all operations related to the reuse of products and materials

Cargo

goods carried by ship, aircraft or other vehicle

UNIT 10

MARKETING

Market

the set of all actual and potential buyers of a good or service; the place where people buy and sell; the people who trade in a particular good; to make goods available to buyers and to encourage them to buy them

Market leader

the company with the largest market share

Market niche

a small company that concentrates on one more particular niche of small market segments

Market research (GB) or marketing research (US)

The collection, analysis, and reporting of data relevant to a specific marketing situation

Market segment

part of a market; a group of customers with specific needs; Defined in terms of geography, age, sex, income, occupation, lifestyle...

Market segmentation

the act of dividing a market into this distinct groups of buyers who have different requirements or buying habits

Market share

the sales of a company (or brand or product) expressed as a percentage of total sales in marketing - the process of identifying and satisfying customer's needs and desires

Marketing channel

the set intermediaries a company uses to get its goods to their end users

Marketing mix

the set of all various elements in a marketing programme, and the way a company integrates them

Marketing strategy

a plan or principle designed to achieve marketing objectives

Product life cycle

the standard pattern of sales of a product over the period that it is marketed

MARKETING BEGIN WITH "THE FOUR Ps"

product, place, promotion, price.

PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE

introduction, growth, maturity, and decline stages

Distribution channel

all the companies or individuals involved in moving goods or services from producers to consumers

Wholesaler

an intermediary that stocks manufacturer's goods or merchandise, and sells it to retailers and professional buyers

Product differentiation

making a product (appear to be) different from similar products offered by other sellers, by product differences, advertising, packaging...

Market opportunities

possibilities of filling unsatisfied needs in sectors in which a company can profitably produce goods or services

Market skimming

setting a high price for a new product, to make maximum revenue before competing products appear on the market

Market penetration

the strategy of setting a low price to try to sell a large volume and increase market share

Sales representative

someone who contacts existing and potential customers and tries to persuade them to buy goods or services

Product features

the attributes or characteristics of a product such as size, shape, quality, price reliability...

Price elasticity

the extent to which supply or demand (the quantity produced or bought) of a product responds to changes of a price

UNIT 11

ADVERTISING

Advertorial

a paid-for advertisement that includes editorial content; normally identified in a print magazine with the word "advertisement" printed as head across the top of the page to distinguish from genuine (in theory unbiased) editorial content

Advertising agency

the organization that takes care of advertising for clients

Advertising campaign

a time-limited set of ads - campaigns may run across different media, and for one month or 10 years, but can be categorized together at the execution of a central idea

Demographics

describing an audience by age, gender, ethnicity, or location - i.e the fact about them

Focus groups

small, select groups representing a target audience who are paid to answer questions at the behest of a market research organization

Product placement

the practice of paying for a branded product to be used by a character in the movie

Product positioning

establishing the market niche of a product - which may not be as the brand leader - and advertising to the appropriate segment of the audience

USP (Unique Selling Proposition/Point)

a highlighted benefit of a product that makes it stand out from all viral brands

BRIEF

the statement of objectives that a client works out with an advertising agency

TARGET CUSTOMERS

a defined set of customers whose needs a company plans to satisfy

ADVERTISING BUDGET

the amount of money a company plans to spend in developing its advertising and buying media time or space

MEDIA PLAN

the choice of where to advertise in order to reach the right people

COMPARATIVE-PARITY METHOD

choosing to spend the same amount on advertising as one's competitor

FREE SAMPLE

a small amount of a product given to customers to encourage them to try it

WORD OF MOUTH ADVERTISING

free advertising, when satisfied customers recommend products to their friends

VIRAL MARKETING

trying to get customers to forward an online marketing message to other people

BRAND-SWITCHER

a consumer who shows no loyalty to a particular brand, but changes among competing products

BRAND IMAGE

the public's belief and perceptions about a particular product

BRAND-LOYALTY

the commitment of consumers to a particular brand

INITIAL TRIALS

the first time a consumer buys a product to see what it's like

INDUSTRIAL BUYER

someone who purchases goods or services that will be used in the production or supply of other goods or services

LOSS LEADER

a popular product sold with no profit, in order to attract customers to a store

PRICE-CONSCIOUS

strongly influenced by the price

PURCHASING CYCLE

the average length of time between a consumer's repeat purchases of the same product

REDEEMABLE COUPON

certificate offering consumers a price reduction on a particular product

UNIT 12

BANKING

Deposit

to place money in a bank; or money placed in a bank

Liquidity

available cash, and how easily other assets can be turned into cash

Collateral

anything that acts as a security or guarantee for a loan

A mortgage

a type of loan used to purchase or maintain a home, land, or other types of real estate. The borrower agrees to pay the lender over time, typically in a series of regular payments that are divided into principal and interest. The property then serves as collateral to secure the loan

Overdraft

Sth that occurs when you make a purchase with your debit card or write a check for an amount that exceeds your checking account's available balance. Many bank accounts offer overdraft protection to help avoid overdraft fees. Some banks do not charge overdraft fees at all

A current account

an account at a bank against which checks can be drawn by the account depositor; a checking account

A deposit account

a bank account maintained by a financial institution in which a customer can deposit and withdraw money

A savings account

a deposit account that generally earns higher interest than an interest-bearing checking account. Savings accounts limit the number of certain types of transfers or withdrawals you can make from the account each monthly statement cycle.

Solvency

when banks have enough money to cover potential losses. Banks are expected to maintain a sufficient level of capital to remain solvent and avoid failure. The FDIC and other federal regulators work with banks to maintain standards for solvency.

Maturity date

This is the date of expiration for the contractual obligation of a financial instrument. For example, certificates of deposit have a maturity date that depends on the length of the CD term. When the CD matures, you have the option to withdraw the money. Some banks and credit unions also allow you to roll it into a new CD or enable the CD to renew automatically.

FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARY

is an institution that specializes in bringing lenders and borrowers together.

A COMMERCIAL BANK

borrows money from the public, creating them with a deposit. The deposit is a liability of the bank. It is money owed to depositors. In turn, the banks lend money to firms, households, or governments wishing to borrow.

A CLEARING SYSTEM

a set of arrangements in which debts between banks are settled by adding up all the transactions in a given period and paying only the net amounts needed to balance inter-bank accounts.

STOCKS/ SHARES

certificates representing part-ownership of a company

BONDS

certificates of debt issued by governments or companies to raise money

TAKE OVER BID

when one company offers to buy or acquire another one

BANK make profit from the spread or differential between the interest rates they pay on deposits and those they charge on loans.

UNIT 13

ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Cost accounting

calculating all the expenses involved in producing something, including materials, labor, and all other expenses

Tax accounting

calculating how much an individual or a company will have to pay to the local and National governments (and trying to reduce this to a minimum)

Auditing

inspecting and reporting on accounts and financial records

Accounting

preparing financial statements showing income and expenditure, assets and liabilities

Managerial or Management accounting

providing information that will allow a business to make decisions, plan future operations, and develop business strategies

"Creative Accounting"

using all available accounting procedures and tricks to disguise the true financial position of a company

Bookkeeping

writing down the details of transactions (debits and credits)

Cash flow statement

a statement giving details of money coming into and leaving the business, divided into day-to-day operations, investing and financing

Income statement (or statement of income, profit and loss statement, or profit and loss account)

a statement showing the difference between the revenues and expenses of a period

Balance sheet (or Statement of financial position)

a statement showing the value of a business's assets, its liabilities, and its capital or shareholder equity (money the business has that belong to its owners)

SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

all the money belonging to the company's owners

INTANGIBLES

assets whose value can only be turned into cash with difficulty (e.g. reputation, patents, trademarks, etc.)

ADDITIONAL PAID-IN CAPITAL

capital that shareholders have contributed to the company above the nominal or par value of the stock

ACCRUED EXPENSES

expenses such as wages, taxes, and interest that have not yet been paid at the date of the balance sheet

TOTAL RECEIVABLES

money owed by customers for goods or services purchased on credit

ACCOUNT PAYABLE

money owed to suppliers for purchases made on credit

PREPAID EXPENSES

money paid in advance for goods and services

RETAINED EARNINGS

profits that have not been distributed to shareholders