Psychopathology Ch 16

Childhood anxiety disorders

Separation anxiety disorder

Separation anxiety disorder (characteristic symptoms/features, examples)

A disorder marked by excessive anxiety, even panic, whenever the person is separated from home, a parent, or another attachment figure.

Childhood mood disorders

major depressive order, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Major depressive disorder (characteristic symptoms/features, examples, prevalence rates for boys and girls)

-rare because they lack development needed to feel it

-symptoms are often physical: irritability, stomach pain, headaches, disinterest in toys and games

-no differences in prevalence before 13, but by 16 girls twice as likely as boys

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (relation to bipolar disorder)

A childhood disorder marked by severe recurrent temper outbursts along with a persistent irritable or angry mood.

Oppositional defiant disorder (characteristic symptoms/features, examples)

-A controversial DSM-5-TR disorder in which children are repeatedly argumentative, defiant, angry, irritable, and perhaps vindictive.

-Hostility, defiance, arguments, blaming others

Conduct disorder (characteristic symptoms/features, examples)

-A disorder in which children repeatedly violate the basic rights of others and display significant aggression.

-Repeated violation of rights of others, aggression, cruelty, violence, crime

Subtypes of conduct disorder

overt-destructive, overt-nondestructive, covert-destructive, covert-nondestructive

Parent management training; juvenile training center ineffectiveness (conduct disorder)

parenting intervention: A treatment approach for conduct disorder, ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, and intellectual disability in which therapists combine family and cognitive-behavioral interventions to help improve family functioning and help parents deal with their children more effectively.

neurodevelopmental disorders

A group of disabilities—including ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, and intellectual disability—in the functioning of the brain that emerge at birth or during very early childhood and affect one's behavior, memory, concentration, or ability to learn.

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (characteristic symptoms/features, examples)

A neurodevelopmental disorder marked by the inability to focus attention, or by overactive and impulsive behavior, or both.

ADHD Diagnostic criteria (type of symptoms, number of symptoms, minimum duration)

-Methylphenidate: A stimulant drug, better known by the trade names Ritalin or Concerta, commonly used to treat ADHD.

ADHD Prevalence rates among boys and girls

70 percent of the 7 in 10 children are boys

ADHD Effective treatment methods: medication, behavior therapy; Stimulant medication: Ritalin

-medication is widely used

-therapies that especially seek to manage specific behaviors

Multicultural factors in receiving effective ADHD treatment

marginalized groups have struggles

Enuresis (characteristic symptoms/features, examples)

A childhood disorder marked by repeated bed-wetting or wetting of one's clothes.

enuresis Diagnostic criteria (minimum age for diagnosis, nighttime occurrence)

typically occurs at night and may occur during the day, must be at least 5 years old

Behavior therapy for enuresis

bed-wetting alarm treatment, dry-bed training (being woken up to use the bathroom)

Encopresis (characteristic symptoms/features, examples)

A childhood disorder characterized by repeated defecating in inappropriate places, such as one's clothing.

encopresis Diagnostic criteria (daytime occurrence)

involuntary, age 4 or older, not at night

Specific learning disorder (characteristic symptoms/features, examples)

Reading impairment (dyslexia), Written expression impairment, Mathematics impairment

dyslexia

impairment of the ability to read

Written expression impairment

Challenges in spelling, grammar, and clarity.

Mathematics impairment

Struggles with number sense and calculations.

Autism spectrum disorder (characteristic symptoms/features, examples)

-A neurodevelopmental disorder which, according to DSM-5-TR, is marked by substantial unresponsiveness to others, significant communication deficits, and highly rigid and repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities.

-Nonresponsiveness to other people, aloofness, lack of interest in people; Language/communication problems (echolalia); Repetitive, rigid behavior (perseveration of sameness)

Language/communication problems, such as

-echolalia: automatic and immediate repetition of what others say

Repetitive, rigid behavior such as

preservation of samensess: an anxious and obsessive insistence on the maintenance of sameness in daily routines and activities, which no one but the child may disrupt

Autism Prevalence; Onset

80% boys, onset is before age 3

Perceptual/cognitive disturbance (mindblindness: failure to develop a theory of mind)

-theory of mind: An awareness that other people base their behaviors on their own beliefs, intentions, and other mental states, not on information that they have no way of knowing.

joint attention

Sharing focus with other people on items or events in one's immediate surroundings, whether through shared

eye-gazing, pointing, referencing, or other verbal or nonverbal indications that one is paying attention to the same object.

autism Primary cause: brain abnormalities

possibly cerebellum, also corpus callosum, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, striatum, and thalamus

autism Behavior therapy (including communication training)

-augmentative communication system: A method for enhancing the communication skills of autistic people, people with intellectual disability, or those with cerebral palsy by teaching them to point to pictures, symbols, letters, or words on a communication board or computer.

Intellectual developmental disorder (characteristic symptoms/features, examples)

Formerly called mental retardation; learn slowly

Intellectual developmental disorder Diagnostic criteria (both intelligence level and level of adaptive behavior)

A neurodevelopmental disorder marked by intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior that are significantly below average. Also called intellectual disability

IQ ranges (mild, moderate, severe, profound)

-IQ: A score derived from intelligence tests that theoretically represents a person's overall intellectual capacity

mild intellectual disability (ID)

Level of intellectual disability where individuals typically have the adaptive skills needed to benefit from schooling, require only intermittent supports as children, and can support themselves as adults with minimal, if any, assistance.

moderate ID

Level of intellectual disability where individuals can function relatively well in familiar places with moderate levels of assistance.

severe ID

Level of intellectual disability where persons demonstrate basic motor and communication deficits during infancy. Many also show signs of neurological dysfunction and have an increased risk for brain seizure disorder.

profound ID

Level of intellectual disability, very noticeable at birth or in early infancy, where persons must learn or improve such basic skills as walking, some talking, and feeding themselves. These individuals need a very structured environment, with continuous close supervision and considerable help throughout their lives.

Mild retardation relationship to sociocultural and psychological factors

Severe and profound retardation relationship to severe physical handicaps

Down syndrome

A form of intellectual disability caused by an irregularity in the 21st chromosome (trisomy 21).

Fetal alcohol syndrome prevention

A group of problems in a child, including lower intellectual functioning, low birth weight, and irregularities in the hands and face, that result from a fetus's exposure to excessive alcohol during the pregnancy.

state school

A state-supported institution for people with intellectual disability.

normalization

The principle that institutions and community residences for people with intellectual disability should provide living conditions and opportunities similar to those enjoyed by the rest of society.

Anoxia

lack of oxygen

intellectual developmental disorder Special education

An approach to educating children with intellectual disability in which their individual differences and needs are supported and accommodated in the least restrictive ways possible, sometimes but not always in separate, specially designed programs.

intellectual developmental disorder Behavioral interventions

comfortable and stimulating residences, a proper education, and social and economic opportunities