3B ID TERMS

By Veda Venkat

Second Industrial Revolution

A phase of rapid industrialization in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, marked by advancements in steel production, chemicals, electricity, and machinery, enabling mass production and urbanization.

Electricity

A transformative energy source widely adopted in the late 19th century, powering industries, transportation, and homes while enabling inventions like the light bulb and electric motor.

Radio

A communication technology developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that used electromagnetic waves to transmit information over long distances, revolutionizing mass communication and entertainment.

Telephone

A device invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, enabling real-time voice communication over long distances, which profoundly impacted personal and business interactions.

Department Store

Large retail establishments that emerged in the 19th century, offering a variety of goods under one roof and revolutionizing consumer culture through fixed pricing and marketing strategies.

Mass Consumerism

A societal shift in the 19th and 20th centuries toward purchasing goods in large quantities due to industrialized production and increased disposable income.

White Collar Jobs for Women

Office-based employment opportunities that expanded for women in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, reflecting social changes and the growth of administrative roles.

Prostitution

A form of labor, often stigmatized, that persisted historically but gained heightened visibility and debate in the 19th century during urbanization and social reforms.

Josephine Butler

A 19th-century British social reformer who campaigned against the exploitation of women and led efforts to repeal the Contagious Diseases Acts.

German Social Democratic Party (SDP)

A political organization founded in 1875 advocating for socialist reforms and workers' rights, becoming a leading force in European labor movements.

May Day

An international labor holiday established in 1889 to celebrate workers' rights and commemorate labor struggles, observed on May 1.

Eduard Bernstein

A German socialist who advocated for a revision of Marxist doctrine, emphasizing gradual reforms over revolutionary change.

Trade Unions

Organized groups of workers that emerged during industrialization to advocate for better wages, working conditions, and labor rights.

Anarchism

A political philosophy opposing hierarchical authority, advocating for self-governance, and associated with figures like Bakunin in the 19th century.

Michael Bakunin

A 19th-century Russian revolutionary who championed anarchist ideals, emphasizing the abolition of state power and collective freedom.

Mass Society

A term describing the social changes in the 19th and 20th centuries, marked by industrialization, urbanization, and the rise of shared cultural experiences.

Emigration

The movement of people from their home country to another, often driven by economic, political, or social pressures, especially during the 19th century.

Edwin Chadwick

A British social reformer whose work in public health and sanitation during the 19th century improved urban living conditions.

Octavia Hill

A 19th-century English reformer who advocated for improved housing for the working class, emphasizing community and personal responsibility.

Urban Renewal

The process of redesigning and modernizing city areas, often displacing poor communities, which became significant in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Family Planning

Efforts to control birth rates through education and contraception, gaining prominence in the late 19th century to improve women's health and family welfare.

Boy Scouts

A youth organization founded in 1908 to promote outdoor skills, character building, and national ideals, reflecting societal concerns about youth development.

Cult of Domesticity

A 19th-century cultural ideal emphasizing women's roles as caregivers and moral guardians in the home, shaping gender expectations.

Mass Education

A system of widespread, state-funded schooling established in the 19th century to improve literacy and prepare citizens for industrial and political participation.

Female Teachers

Women who entered the profession in large numbers in the 19th century as public education systems expanded, symbolizing new career opportunities.

Utilitarianism

A philosophical doctrine, advanced by figures like Jeremy Bentham, arguing that actions should aim to maximize overall happiness or utility.

Mass Leisure

Recreational activities like sports, theaters, and vacations that became accessible to the general population during industrialization.

Team Sports

Organized games that became widely popular in the 19th century, promoting teamwork, discipline, and national identity.

Mass Politics

The inclusion of broader social classes in political processes, such as voting and party participation, due to industrialization and democratization.

Home Rule

A political movement seeking autonomy for specific regions, most notably in Ireland during the 19th century.

Kulturkampf

A conflict in 19th-century Germany between the state and the Catholic Church over control of education and religious influence.

Otto von Bismarck

A 19th-century Prussian statesman who unified Germany through diplomacy and war, establishing it as a major European power.

Dual Monarchy

A political arrangement in 1867 uniting Austria and Hungary under a single monarch while granting each country significant autonomy.

Alexander III

A Russian emperor known for his reactionary policies, reversing reforms and promoting Russification in the late 19th century.

Nicholas II

The last emperor of Russia, whose reign ended with the Russian Revolution of 1917 due to political unrest and World War I failures.

Feminists

Advocates for women's rights and equality, gaining momentum during the 19th and early 20th centuries in response to societal restrictions.

Emmeline Pankhurst

A British activist who led the suffragette movement in the early 20th century, advocating for women's right to vote through militant tactics.

Temperance Movement

A social campaign in the 19th and early 20th centuries to reduce alcohol consumption, often associated with moral and religious reformers.

Positivism

A philosophical system developed by Auguste Comte, emphasizing empirical observation and science as the basis for knowledge.

Albert Einstein

A physicist who revolutionized science in the 20th century with his theories of relativity, challenging classical Newtonian physics.

Marie Curie

A pioneering scientist who discovered radioactive elements and won two Nobel Prizes, advancing physics and chemistry.

Friedrich Hegel

A German philosopher whose work on dialectics and history profoundly influenced 19th-century thought, including Marxism.

Nietzsche

A 19th-century German philosopher who challenged traditional morality and religion, emphasizing the concept of the "Übermensch" and individual will.

Sigmund Freud

An Austrian neurologist who founded psychoanalysis, exploring the unconscious mind and its influence on human behavior.

Ivan Pavlov

A Russian physiologist known for his research on conditioned reflexes, which laid the foundation for behavioral psychology.

Social Darwinism

A misapplication of Darwin's theories to society, used in the 19th century to justify imperialism and inequality.

Realism

A cultural movement in the 19th century that depicted everyday life and society with accuracy, rejecting romantic idealism.