BIOL 242 Practical Test #1 Study Guide

anterior pituitary gland

glandular tissue that secretes: ACTH, PRL, GH, TSH, FSH, LH

posterior pituitary gland

nervous tissue that secretes: ADH and Oxytocin

pituitary gland

entire gland, glandular tissue on the left and nervous tissue on the right.

thyroid gland

glandular tissue with follicles that secrete T3 and T4

pancreas

mixed gland. Ducts (shown) that secrete digestive enzymes and ions (exocrine function)

pancreas

mixed gland. Islet of Langerhans (shown) with Alpha Cells that secrete Glucagon and Beta Cells that secrete Insulin (endocrine)

adrenal gland

entire gland. comprised of glandular tissue (outer layers) and nervous tissue (deepest portion).

adrenal cortex

capsule + All Three Zones (glandular tissue)

capsule of adrenal gland

connective tissue and the most superficial layer (not a glandular tissue) (generalized term used for a dense fibrous layer surrounding something)

zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex

outermost glandular tissue layer that secretes aldosterone

zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex

The middle glandular tissue layer that secretes cortisol

zona reticularis of adrenal cortex

deepest glandular tissue layer that secretes androgens (not to be confused with nervous tissue, and the deepest layer of the entire gland).

adrenal medulla

deepest nervous tissue layer that secretes epi & norepi. Under the control of the sympathetic nervous system.

erythrocyte

biconcave shape, large surface area for gas exchange, filled with hemoglobin. AKA RBC.

neutrophil

most abundant type of leukocyte AKA WBC, phagocytose bacteria, and have multi-lobed nucli

platelets

AKA Thrombocytes, form a temporary plug at damaged vessel sites, contain chemicals for clotting

lymphocyte

second most abundant type of leukocyte AKA WBC, two sub types: b cells = make antibodies, t cells = fight infected cells, large nucli, little cytoplasm

monocyte

largest leukocyte AKA WBC, phagocytose bacteria, viruses, dead cells, then leave circulation to become macrophages in the tissues, kidney shaped nucli

eosinophil

red staining granules, bilobed nucli, attack parasites and also involved in allergies and asthma and plays a role in modulating immune responses.

basophil

rarest leukocyte AKA WBC, bilobed nucli but deep purple granules that contain histamine and heparin, promotes inflammation and allergic reactions

sickle cells

crescent-shaped erythrocytes AKA RBCs saw in a type of anemia, causes pain, RBC destruction and blocks blood flow to tissues

adrenal glands

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.

thyroid gland

endocrine gland located in the neck, produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth

pancreas

an organ in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.

hypothalamus

a neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

pituitary gland

The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. Divided into 2 parts anterior and posterior.

pituitary gland

same gland, different model better showing the 2 parts.

atherosclerosis

condition where fatty deposits (plaques) build up inside the walls of arteries, thickening and stiffening them over time.

anterior heart

front of heart

posterior heart

back of heart

right atrium

receives deoxygenated blood from the body

right ventricle

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

left atrium

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

left ventricle

contracts to pump oxygenated blood to the body

tricuspid valve

valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

mitral valve

valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; bicuspid valve

pulmonary semilunar valve

heart valve opening from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery

aortic semilunar valve

located between the left ventricle and the aorta

chordae tendineae

thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting

papillary muscles

responsible for pulling the atrioventricular valves closed by means of the chordae tendineae

trabeculae carneae

"meaty ridges"

aorta

largest artery in the body, carries oxygenated blood out to tissues/cells from the left ventricle

pulmonary trunk

carries blood from right ventricle to pulmonary arteries

pulmonary arteries

carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs (right and left)

pulmonary veins

deliver oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium (right and left)

inferior vena cava

carries blood from lower regions of the body to right atrium

superior vena cava

carries blood from the upper portion of the body to the right atrium

coronary sinus

enlarged vessel on the posterior aspect of the heart that empties blood into the right atrium

coronary arteries

blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle (left atrium and pulm trunk dissected to visualize the left) (right and left)

circumflex artery

supplies the left atrium and the posterior walls of the left ventricle (left atrium dissected to visualize the entire artery)

anterior interventricular artery

supplies blood to the interventricular septum and anterior walls of both ventricles

great cardiac vein

runs alongside the anterior interventricular artery

endocardium

inner lining of the heart

myocardium

thick middle muscle layer of the heart

epicardium

outer layer of the heart

artery

a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

vein

a blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart.

atherosclerosis

condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries (microscopic - the main identifier is the needle-like cholesterol clefts noted within the lumen

kidney

Filters waste from the blood like urea, water, salt and proteins. (right and left)