HS 3160 CH.1 Mechanisms of disease, diagnosis, treatment

Cancer

·      Group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell production

Tumor

swelling

Mast

lump

Cyst

sac or capsule filled with tissue, fluid, air, or pus

malignant or benign and cell type and tissue of origin

how are tumors characterized?

Carcinoma

  cancer of the epithelial cells

Sarcoma

cancer of the supportive tissues like muscle and bone

Lymphoma

  cancer of the lymphatic tissues (immune system)

Leukemia

cancer of blood cell precursors

precursors

what helps your blood make the cells

Melanoma

cancer of the melanin producing cells

tumor markers, biopsy, imaging, self-examination

how is cancer screened?

Consume a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, eliminate red and processed meats, eliminate cigarette smoking, limit exposure to sunlight, limit alcohol use, avoid excessive exposure to radiation and radon, increase physical activity, maintain healthy weight, protect against STI’s

cancer prevention strategies

T for tumor

looks at size of the cancer

N for node

looks at the extent of the regional lymph and what is involved

M for metastasis

looks for secondary tumors

stage I

this stage is the best prognosis

stage IV

this stage is the most advanced prognosis

Alceration

cancer grows and breaks through skin and organ surfaces

Gleason scale

used specifically for prostate cancer

Surgery

treatment usually reserved for early stage and a solid cancer

  to make signs and symptoms improve

goal of Palliative surgery

solid cancer

involves organs that are not hollow

cycles

how chemotherapy is given

Destroys cancer cells from dividing further (cell division)

how does chemotherapy treat cancer

hair cells, mucosa cells, hematopoietic cells, reproductive cells

normal cells that are destroyed during chemotherapy

DNA synthesis or function

what do antineoplastics affect

  Hormone therapy, antitumor, antimetabolites, enzymes

what are the types of antineoplastics

Immunotherapy

stimulate body to fight cancer

   Patients are predisposed to other malignancies,  Effects are dramatic in children

Consequences of Cancer Therapy

Cognitive impairment and growth delay

cancer therapy effects in children

Preventative vaccines

Given without the person being exposed to the cancer

Hepatitis B vaccine

used to prevent liver cancer

Therapeutic vaccines

Treat cancer after occurring

Genes

Small sections of a DNA molecule situated in a particular sight on a chromosome

  Abnormality in genetic code in a single gene, Several abnormal genes produce polygenic diseases, Abnormal presence or absence of an entire chromosome,   Change in the structure of chromosomes, Mutations: any changes in the genetic code

Causes of Genetic Diseases

Autosomal dominant

The mutant phenotype is seen even if a normal gene is present on the other chromosomes

Marphan syndrome

genetic disorder that changes the proteins needed to make connective tissues

Huntington disease

causes nerve cells in the brain to decay over time

Autosomal recessive

Gene is insufficient to produce the mutant phenotype in the presence of a normal gene on the paired chromosome

Cystic fibrosis

stems from a particular protein body needs to keep mucous membranes moist is defective

PKU (phenylketonuria)

body can’t metabolize amino acids so growth and brain development is delayed

X-linked (sex-linked) recessive

Gene is located only on the X chromosome

Genetic Counseling

Communication process that is centered on the occurrence or risk of occurrence of a genetic disorder in a family

Gene Therapy

Experimental intervention repairs or blocks the expression of specific genes to treat disease

Cerebral cortex

responsible for the interpretation of pain

Acute

sudden onset severe intensity, short duration

Chronic

less severe, duration is longer than 6 months

Intractable

nerve damage, debilitating, often depression

Transient

brief duration, comes and goes (migraines)

Superficial

body surfaces

muscular pain, dull and achy

Internal/visceral

in organs

Narcotics or opioid-related drugs; analgesics (alters perception and response to pain by enhancing neurotransmitters agonistic)

pain relief for acute pain

Anticonvulsants

depress motor cortex to avoid seizures

PCA (patient controlled analgesia) pump

dispenses a certain amt of opioids to patient

TENS (transcutaneous electrical stimulation

sends electrical impulses to block nerve transmission to brain

 

Iatrogenic disorders

disease or condition that is the result of a medical procedure or treatment

 

Osteopathy

manipulating or massaging bones, joints, or muscles

Chiropractic medicine

focus on body’s nervous system

Massage and reflexology

relieve tension in muscles hands and feet predominately

Integrative medicine

Integrates mainstream medicine and CAM