new exam 4

What is Personality?

The unique and consistent pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterizes an individual.

Id

The primal, pleasure-driven part of personality.

Ego

The rational, reality-oriented mediator of personality.

Superego

The moral conscience aspect of personality.

Order of Development of Personality Structures

Id is present at birth, Ego develops in early childhood, and Superego emerges around age 5.

Defense Mechanisms

Strategies the ego uses to protect itself from anxiety, such as repression, denial, and projection.

Social-Cognitive Perspective

Emphasizes the interaction of cognitive processes, behaviors, and environmental factors.

Reciprocal Determinism

The interplay between personal factors, environment, and behavior.

Maslow’s Self-Actualizing Person

Describes individuals striving to fulfill their potential, following a hierarchy of needs.

Traits

Enduring characteristics that influence behavior.

Personality Inventory

Tools used to assess traits, such as the Big Five (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism).

Projective Tests

Methods used to assess the unconscious mind, including Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and Rorschach Inkblot Test.

Bystander Effect

The tendency for individuals to be less likely to help in an emergency when others are present.

Fundamental Attribution Error

Overestimating personal traits and underestimating situational factors in others’ behaviors.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

The discomfort caused by inconsistent thoughts and actions, motivating attitude or behavior change.

Prosocial Behavior

Actions intended to benefit others.

Conformity

Aligning behaviors with group norms.

Milgram Studies

Examined compliance with authority through obedience experiments.

Deindividuation

Loss of self-awareness in group settings.

Social Loafing

Reduced effort in group tasks.

Psychological Disorders

Patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that are deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional.

Biopsychosocial Perspective

The interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors in understanding disorders.

DSM-5

Standard classification of mental disorders.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Disorders such as Autism Spectrum Disorder and ADHD.

Mood Disorders

Disorders including Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder.

Illusory Correlation

The perception of a relationship where none exists.