exam 1 pt. 2 (estrus detection and spermatogenesis)

estradiol; ovaries

during estrus, we have high amounts of ______ that is secreted by the ______

no

if our progesterone is high, will estrogen ever be able to override?

1. cow

2. mare

3. sow

3 vet species that have an estrous cycle of 21 days:

1. ewe

2. queen

2 vet species that have an estrous cycle of 17 days:

bitch

vet species that has an estrous cycle of 6 months:

10-15 days; alpaca's

within camelids, what is their range of the estrous cycle? who's is longer?

15 hours

duration of estrus in the cow:

30 hours

duration of estrus in the ewe:

7 days

duration of estrus in the mare:

9 days

in small animals, their duration of estrus is what?

5 days

in camelids, their duration of estrus is what?

50 hours

duration of estrus in the sow:

24-32 hours

once estrus has occurred, how long does it take for ovulation in ruminants?

1.5-2 days

once estrus has occurred, how long does it take for ovulation in the mare?

1. queen

2. camelids

2 vet species that have to be induced (mated) to cause ovulation:

4-24 days

once estrus has occurred, how long does it take for ovulation in the bitch?

36-44 hours

once estrus has occurred, how long does it take for ovulation in the sow?

standing to be mounted

primary sign of estrus in ALL species:

1. vocalization

2. anxious

3. clear mucous discharge

4. chin resting

4 secondary signs of estrus in cows:

1. environmental

2. hunger/thirst

3. poor BCS

4. stress

4 things that can suppress estrus in the cow:

hours 12-18 of standing

when is the best time to AI a cow that is standing in estrus?

1. heat patches

2. electronic mounting monitors

3. teaser bull

3 estrus detection aids in cattle:

>3

with heat patches in cows to detect estrus, what score indicates we should breed the cow?

1. date

2. time

3. duration

3 things a heat watch system will record with every mount of a cow:

they increase their steps

why can pedometers be a good mark of estrus in a cow?

1. doe

2. mare

3. sow

what 3 vet species won't really show estrus sign's unless in the presence of a male?

1. buck odor

2. vocalization

3. tail movements

4. increased urination

4 signs of estrus in a doe once buck is present:

6 hours

in a cow, how long is an oocyte viable after ovulation?

12-24 hours

in a doe, how long is an oocyte viable after ovulation?

late

with a doe, we recommend inseminating when in estrus?

true

true/false: estrus detection in ewe's is very similar to doe's

ewe have little homosexual activity

what is the main difference between ewe and doe with estrus detection?

when in estrus

when is the only time ewe seek out a ram?

the cervix is long with a complex canal

why is vaginal insemination in an ewe not recommended?

mare

what vet species has the most pronounced estrus of the domestic species?

1. eversion of clitoris

2. tail flagging

3. urination

3 signs of estrus in a mare:

sawhorse stance

primary sign of estrus in a sow:

1. swollen vulva

2. erect ears

3. mucous discharge

3 secondary signs of estrus in the sow:

middle part; ovulation occurs during the last 1/3 of estrus

when is the best time to inseminate a sow? why?

kush

if a camelid female is receptive, what will she do?

spit

if a camelid female is non-receptive, what will she do?

1. enlarged vulva

2. straw discharge

3. acceptance of male

3 signs of estrus in the bitch:

1. crouching

2. treading

3. vocalization

3 signs of estrus in the queen:

estrogen goes through highs and lows while progesterone consistently stays low

with queen's going through an estrous cycle, if they mate and don't become pregnant, how does their estrogen and progesterone act?

diploid; haploid

overall during spermatogenesis, a _____ spermatogonia stem cell develops into a male ______ germ cell

prepubertal

differentiation of gonocytes into spermatogonia is when?

1. proliferation

2. meiotic

3. differentiation

3 phases of spermatogenesis:

several mitotic divisions of spermatogonia to B-spermatogonia that eventually become primary spermatocytes

during proliferation phase of spermatogenesis, what happens?

loss of intracellular bridges

what is an indicator that primary spermatocytes are created during spermatogenesis?

DNA replication and crossing over that allows spermatocytes to become spermatids

during meiotic phase of spermatogenesis, what happens?

it has 2 chromatids

if we have a diploid cell, what does that mean?

1/2 of replicated chromosome

what is a chromatid?

when we form spermatids

when does our number of chromatids change during spermatogenesis?

our round cell spermatid changes to an elongated spermatozoa

during differentiation phase of spermatogenesis, what happens?

spermiation

after spermatogenesis, this is the process of releasing spermatozoa into the seminiferous tubules

cytoplasmic droplet

what will shed as sperm travel through the male reproductive tract?

1. basal

2. adluminal

what are the 2 compartments of the seminiferous tubule?

blood-testis barrier; makes meiosis occur on adluminal side to avoid crossing over to an immuno-priviledged site

what borders the junction between the compartments of the seminiferous tubules? why?

body looses recognition of self and will destroy sperm

why would it be bad if our sperm crossed to the basal side of the seminiferous tubules before undergoing meiosis?

sertoli cells

our blood-testis barrier forms tight junctions between what cell?

continuous; at any cross section of the seminiferous tubules, a stage of spermatogenesis can be occurring to have constant production of sperm

spermatogenesis can be described as what? what does this mean?

1. testis size

2. age

3. season

3 factors affecting sperm output:

maturity

when do we have maximum sperm output regarding age of our male?

pulsatile; 3-6 hours

GnRH secretion for male reproduction is _____ and lasts how long?

LH; testosterone

leydig cells have receptors for what gonadotrope? what do they then secrete?

higher

comparing testosterone in the seminiferous tubules and outside, it is _____ here than systemically

caput --> corpus --> cauda (tail)

traveling through the epididymis, sperm go how?

myoid cells

sperm will exit seminiferous tubules via fluid flow and contraction of _______

1. seminiferous tubules

2. rete testis

3. vas efferentia

3 areas along the line of sperm transport that are aided by bulk fluid flow:

rete testis --> vas efferentia --> epididymis --> vas deferens --> colliculus seminalils

once sperm exit the seminiferous tubules, describe their transport:

1. epididymis

2. vas deferens

2 areas along the line of sperm transport that are aided by muscle contractions:

1. motility

2. fertilization

2 things sperm gain in the epididymis to be able to do:

ejaculation

with sperm transport, they are stored in the epididymis tail till when?

emission; adding seminal fluids from the accessory sex glands

what occurs when sperm are moved into the colliculus seminalis? what is this?

1. ampulla

2. ductus deferens

3. seminal vesicles

4. prostate

4 accessory sex glands:

1. uterus

2. cervix

naturally, most animals deposit semen into the vagina besides the mare and sow. they deposit there's where...

1. mare?

2. sow?

mucus privileged pathways

what does the cervix have that aids in removing non-motile/abnormal sperm?

true

true/false: the cervix can be a reservoir for sperm in some species

1. phagocytosis

2. capacitation

2 things that occur in the uterus to the sperm:

allows for hyperactive motility

what does capacitation do for sperm?

stabilize the plasma membrane; when seminal fluid is added

what do decapacitation factors do for sperm before capacitation occurs? when are they added to sperm?

capacitation

once the sperm is in the oviduct, what is expected to be complete?

oviduct

what is usually the site in the female reproduction tract that acts as a sperm reservoir?

1. rapid

2. sustained

2 phases of sperm transport in the female reproductive tract:

sustained

which phase of sperm transport in the female reproductive tract accounts for the majority of fertilization?

1. sperm bind to zona pellucida

2. penetrate via acrosomal enzymes

3. bind/fuse to oocyte

once the sperm get to the ampullary-isthmic junction, what 3 things happen?

ampullary-isthmic junction

what is the site of fertilization?

zona and vitelline block

what prevents polyspermy?

completes meiosis

once sperm is in the zona pellucida and bound to oocyte, what does it do?

syngamy

fusion of male and female pronuclei

false

true/false: it is not possible for accessory sperm to get trapped into the zona pellucida

31 cm

what is a passing scrotal circumference for breeding in cattle?

head and mid-piece

if there is a sperm issue during spermatogenesis, where will we see defects on the sperm?

1. acrosome

2. plasma membrane

3. nucleus

3 things apart of the head of the sperm:

mitochondria

main thing apart of the mid-piece of sperm:

droplets

if there is a sperm issue during transport in the epididymis, where will we see defects on the sperm?

they will be ejaculated first over testicular defects

if we have epididymal defects on sperm, what will happen?

normal

what type of sperm will be ejaculated last?

spermatogonia producing abnormal spermatocytes

what can chronic damages lead to?

yes

when we have chronic damage to spermatogonia that are producing abnormal spermatocytes, can they heal?