AP Human Geography 2.1-2.3

What are the four areas that have the most population concentration.

East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Europe.

Why do we need to study population trends?

More people are alive at this time- about 7.2 billion people!

The worlds' population is increased at a much rate in the second half of the _ century than ever before in history.

Faster, 20th.

Virtually, all global population growth is concentrated in ____ __ countries.

Less developed.

Define Ecumene.

A portion of Earth where human settlement is permanent.

Why could some places be non-ecumene?

Environmental conditions.

What are the 4 most sparsely populated lands?

Dry lands, Wet lands, Cold lands, High lands.

Define Arithmetic Density.

The total amount of objects in an area.

Formula to calculate Arithmetic Density:

Population/ Land Area.

Define Physiological Density.

The number of people supported by a unit of arable land.

Formula to calculate Physiological Density:

Population/ Arable Land.

Define Agricultural Density.

The number of farmers compared to the amount of arable land.

Formula to calculate Agricultural Density:

Number of farmers/ Arable Land.

What rate is the total amount of live births for every 1,000 people in society?

Crude Birth Rate.

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people in society.

Crude Death Rate.

What is Natural Increase Rate?

The percentage a population grows in a year.

Why is the Natural Increase Rate (NIR) getting smaller?

Families are having less children.

Doubling time is the amount of years needed to the __ assuming there is a constant increase.

Double, population.

What regions is growth most present?

Developing countries.

Define total fertility rate (TFR)

The measurement of the total births in a society.

The number of people who are too young or old to work compared to people in their productive years is:

The dependency ratio.

What is the sex ratio?

The amount of males per 100 females in a population.

Demography

The scientific study of population characteristics.

Distribution

the arrangement of a feature in space

Density

the degree of compactness of a substance.

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

Concentration

A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent

pattern

The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area.

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Overpopulation

The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

zero population growth

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.

stationary population level (SPL)

The level at which a national population ceases to grow

population concentrations

Areas of the world with large population density.

crude birth rate

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Demographic Transition

the stages a country goes through from high CBR+CDR and low CBR+CDR

Stage 1

high birth and high death rates; not a high NIR because they cancel each other out (little growth over a long period of time)

Stage 2

the CDR drops as a result of reliable and abundant food supply, domestication of plants and animals

How did the Industrial Revolution contribute to the beginning of Stage 2 in Europe and North America?

death rate plummets causing NIR to skyrocket; however, the birth rate does't change noticeably (1750's: improvement in technology, mass production of goods, large food surplus, improvement in sanitation + personal hygiene, sewer systems=healthier population)

How do countries in Asia, Latin America, and Africa enter Stage 2?

the medical revolution deiffused from MDC's to LDC's (around 1950-1960)

What societal changes must occur for a country to reach Stage 3?

birth rate falls, lowering the NIR (but still have growth), women are having fewer children, and larger city population discourages large families because of $$ (U.S. early 1900's)

What is ZPG and how is it reached?

zero population growth; CBR falls to the level of CDR

ZPR=NIR 0% and TFR=2.1%

What societal changes have occurred to push countries into Stage 4?

women are 100% in the work force, small families are the norm, and 2 paycheck families

Stage 5 and Stage 6

Stage 5: CDR is higher than CBR

Stage 6:borderline extinction

How are Stages 1 and 4 similar and how are they different?

NIR=0 (very low or no growth at all); stage 1- high CBR/CDR and stage 4-low CBR/CDR

How has England's population changed since 1750?

high growth during the Industrial Revolution; the only growth since 1970 has been through immigration

What is a population pyramid and what influences the shape of the pyramid?

a population diagram displaying age gender, which give it its shape

What is the dependency ratio?

the number of people too young or too old to work

How is the ratio vastly different in African countries versus European countries?

Europe has too many old people (aging population), and Africa has too many young people

Agricultural Revolution

The time when humans used domesticated plants and animals to create a larger and more reliable food source.

Industrial Revolution

A conjunction of major improvements in the late 18th century. (Steam Engines, Mass Production, Powered Transport)

Demographic Transition

The process of change in a society's population.

Medical Revolution

When medical technology was invented in Europe & North America diffused to Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

When the CBR and the CDR are equal and the NIR approaches zero.

Hearth

The region from which innovative ideas originate.

Demographic Transition

process of change in a society's populations

Stage 1

Low growth

Ex: Hunting and gathering

Agricultural Revolution (During stage 1)

humans first began domesticating animals and plants (10,000 BCE)

Stage 2

High growth

CDR drops, birth rate remains high

Ex: Agricultural-based societies (Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria)

Industrial revolution

from stage 1-2

Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs)

characterized by economies in transition

Stage 3

Moderate growth

CBR drops sharply, CDR drops slowly

Ex: Industrialized economies (China)

Stage 4

Low growth

CBR and CDR are almost equal (low), NIR approaches 0

Ex: Service-based economies (modern U.S.)

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

when total fertility rate results in a lack of change in the total pop. over a long period of time

Stage 5

Negative growth

Death rate slightly exceeds birth rate

Ex: Aging pop.

Population Pyramids

pop. displayed by age and gender groups on a bar graph

Dependency ratio

of people who are either too young or too old to work

Sex ratio

of males per 100 females

Ex: NA- 95:100

Rest of world- 102:100

Demographic Transition Model

A model consisting of four stages that helps to explain the rising and falling of natural increase over time in a country

Thomas Malthus

English economist, one of the first to argue that the world's rate of pop. growth was faster than the increase in food supply (Earth becoming less able to sustain human life)

Neo-Malthusian

Those who share the belief that population should be controlled, and that the earth will become less able to sustain human life (the beliefs of Thomas Malthus)

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

Geographers define ZPG as the TFR that produces no population change

Diffusion of Fertility Control

The spread of birth control to different areas (condom, pills, other forms of contraception)

Demographic

A scientific study of population characteristics (age, sex, how population develops)

Industrial Revolution

Time period where tasks became more mechanized. Things in the home became machine jobs in factories (textiles, mills, steamboats, weaving, trains, cotton gin). Began in England in late 18th century, diffused to European continent and North America. Series of many major manufacturing and delivery improvements. Results: an unprecedented level of wealth, creating healthier communities.

Medical Revolution

Time of great expansion in medical knowledge. Medical knowledge that was invented in Europe and North America diffused to other countries that were less developed. Results: improved medical practices and technologies has eliminated many causes of death

Pro-Natalist

Countries that want to expand their population (Russia, Denmark)

Anti-Natalist

Countries that are more restrictive of population growth (China, India)

One Child Policy

A policy of population control in China, where a married couple is allowed only one child (anti-natalist)

carrying capacity

the maximum population size of a species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the available resources such as food and water

overpopulation

the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

demography

the scientific study of population characteristics

ecumene

the portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

arithmetic density

the total number of people divided by the total land area