analytical chem unit 2 titrations vocab

acid

In the Brønsted-Lowry theory, species that are capable of donating protons to other species that in turn are capable of accepting these protons.

coagulation

The process whereby particles with colloidal dimensions are caused to form larger aggregates.

le chatelier principle

A statement that the application of a stress to a chemical system at equilibrium will result in a shift in the position of the equilibrium that tends to relieve the stress

titration

The procedure whereby a standard solution reacts with known stoichiometry with an analyte to the point of chemical equivalence, which is measured experimentally as the end point. (use vol or mass standard to find amount of analyte present)

amphiprotic substance

Species that can either donate protons or accept protons, depending on the chemical environment.

colloidial suspension

A mixture (commonly of a solid in a liquid) in which the particles are so finely divided that they have no tendency to settle.

ligand

A molecule or an ion with at least one pair of unshared electrons available for coordinate bonding with cations.

zwitterion

The species that results from the transfer in solution of a proton from an acidic group to an acceptor site on the same molecule.

base

Species that are capable of accepting protons from donors (acids).

dissociation

The splitting of molecules of a substance, commonly into two simpler entities.

mother liquor

The solution that remains following the precipitation of a solid.

chemical equilibrium

A dynamic state in which the rates of forward and reverse reactions are identical. A system in equilibrium will not spontaneously depart from this condition

end point

An observable change during titration that signals that the amount of titrant added is chemically equivalent to the amount of analyte in the sample.

pH

The negative logarithm of the hydrogen-ion activity of a solution.

chelating agents

Substances with multiple sites available for coordinate bonding with metal ions. Such bonding typically results in the formation of five- or six-membered rings.

equivalence point

That point in a titration at which the amount of standard titrant added is chemically equivalent to the amount of analyte in the sample.

primary standard

A highly pure chemical compound that is used to prepare or determine the concentrations of standard solutions for titrimetry

common-ion effect

The shift in the position of equilibrium caused by the addition of a participating ion.

gravimetric analysis

A group of analytical methods in which the amount of analyte is established through the measurement of the mass of a pure substance containing the analyte.

salt

An ionic compound formed by the reaction of an acid and a base.