Paediatrics and Child Health - Infant Nutrition Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering infant nutrition, human milk composition, formula types, breastfeeding management, complementary feeding, feeding development skills, and pediatric energy requirements.

Nutrition

The process by which food is assimilated and used for growth of body cells, synthesis of enzymes and hormones, production of energy, and substances needed for all activities relating to maintenance of a sense of well-being.

Secretory IgA

An immunoglobulin component of human milk that provides specific antigen-targeted antiinfective action.

Lactoferrin

A bioactive human milk protein providing immunomodulation, iron chelation, antimicrobial action, antiadhesive properties, and trophic support for intestinal growth.

K-Casein

A protein component of human milk that acts as an antiadhesive agent against bacterial flora.

Oligosaccharides

Carbohydrate components in human milk responsible for the prevention of bacterial attachment.

Cytokines

Human milk factors that exhibit antiinflammatory actions and support epithelial barrier function.

Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)

A growth factor in human milk involved in intestinal maturation, luminal surveillance, and intestinal repair.

Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)

A human milk component where TGF-beta promotes epithelial cell growth and suppresses lymphocyte function.

Neuronal Growth Factor

A growth factor in human milk responsible for the development of the enteric nervous system in newborns.

Platelet-Activating Factor-Acetylhydrolase

An enzyme present in human milk that blocks the action of platelet-activating factor.

Human Breast Milk Caloric Density

Mature human milk provides $65\text{--}70\,\text{kcal}$ per $100\,\text{mL}$ of energy, where $50\%$ of total calories are supplied by fat and $40\%$ by carbohydrates.

Human Breast Milk Macronutrient Profile

Composed of $87\text{--}88\%$ water, $7\%$ ($60\text{--}70\,\text{g/L}$) carbohydrates, $1\%$ ($8\text{--}10\,\text{g/L}$) protein, and $3.8\%$ ($35\text{--}40\,\text{g/L}$) fat.

Soy Protein-Based Formula

An infant formula indicated for congenital galactosemia, hereditary lactase deficiency, transient lactose intolerance, vegetarianism, or cultural and religious preferences.

Amino Acid Formulas

Specialized infant formulas indicated for severe cow's milk protein allergies, multiple food allergies, and eosinophilic esophagitis.

Protein Hydrolysate Formula

Formula suggested for infants with family history of allergy/atopy, non-IgE mediated cow milk protein allergy, or clinical ambiguity between IgE and non-IgE mediated allergy due to soy cross-reactivity.

Cow Milk Protein-Based Formula Composition

Infant formula containing a protein concentration of $1.8\text{--}3\,\text{g}/100\,\text{kcal}$ ($1.45\text{--}1.6\,\text{g/dL}$), where fat provides $40\text{--}50\%$ of total energy.

Ready-To-Feed Infant Formula Energy

Formula products that generally provide $20\,\text{kcal}/30\,\text{mL}$ ($1\,\text{oz}$) and approximately $67\,\text{kcal/dL}$.

Complementary Feeding Weaning Age

The practice of starting solid foods at $6\,\text{months}$ of age while continuing breast milk up to $12\,\text{months}$.

Complementary Feeding Fruit Juice Limit

The recommended maximum intake of fruit juices for infants, restricted to no more than $4\text{--}6\,\text{oz/day}$ with no added sugar.

Complementary Feeding Cow Milk Limit

The recommended ceiling for cow milk intake once introduced after 12 months, restricted to no more than $24\,\text{oz/day}$.

Feeding Skills (6 to 9 Months)

Developmental milestone stage characterized by feeding in an upright position, spoon feeding thin pureed foods, holding a bottle with both hands, finger feeding, and vertical munching.

Feeding Skills (9 to 12 Months)

Developmental milestone stage characterized by drinking from a cup, eating lumpy/mashed foods, finger feeding easily dissolvable solids, and chewing with rotary jaw action.

Tuo Zaafi

A local maize meal staple in the Northern Ghana context categorized under cereals and tubers, providing complex carbohydrates as a primary energy source.

Pediatric Energy Requirements

Energy intake requirements set at $110\text{--}120\,\text{kcal/kg/day}$ for healthy infants, $100\,\text{kcal/kg/day}$ at 1 year ($1000\,\text{kcal} + 100\,\text{kcal}$ for age when >1 year), and $130\text{--}150\,\text{kcal/kg/day}$ for premature or malnourished infants.

Primary Causes of Undernutrition

The three combination factors leading to undernutrition: household food supply, child-caring practices, and access to health and water/sanitation services.