UNIT 1: POPULATION

Population distribution - how is it determined?

The pattern where human population live in a given area of the earth, determined by strong physical and human factors

Population Density - How can it be studied?

The measurement of the average number of people living in an area

What is a Choropleth Maps + Positives and Negatives?

A map showing average values by shading, colouring of placing of symbols in geographic area.

Positive: cover large amount of data over areas, allows easy comparing, easy to identify patterns

Negative: uses averages, simplifies regional and local variations, suggests dramatic changes at the bundaries of regions when changes are much more general.

Climate, level of urbanisation, fertile land, natural resources, freshwater availability, level of industrialisation are common factors that influence…

Population density

What are the three Economic Development Classifications

1950s - 1991: Three Worlds Model

1980s: North-South Divide Line

Today: World Bank GNI classifications

These allow us to measure and compare changes in economic development at national and global level

What is GDP and how is it measured?

GDP = Gross Domestic Product

The measure of the total value of all goods and services within the borders of a specific country over 1 year

Overseas income not included - earnings sent home by workers outside the country are not included in GDP

Non-domestic earning/income included: Any earnings made by foreign workers/companies are counted in the GDP because they were earned domestically

What is GNI and how is it measured?

GNI = Gross National Income

A measure of the total income of all individuals and businesses located within the borders of a country over 1 year period

Overseas income included: Includes all earnings sent home by domestic workers/companies residing outside the country, even though they were own internationally

Non-domestic companies: GNI does not include earnings made by foreign workers resident in the country or income generated by foreign companies because these incomes flow out of the country

Advantages Development Indicators

Advantages:

GDP

• GDP is widely recognised and used as a measure of a country’s economic Health

• Good economic snapshot of country and can be used to estimate the size of an economy and growth

GNI

• More accurate alternative to GDP by UN and World Bank because it includes foreign direct investment, foreign corporate presences, or foreign aid and better reflects today’s globalised world

Disadvantages of Development Indicators

• GDP doesn’t reflect the globalised nature of the world

• Neither are helpful in indicating levels of social or political developement —> only focusing on economics

• Neither reflect ‘external costs’ on the environment

• Income generated from the informal sector is either ignored or underestimated when calculating the GNI/GDP of LICs

• Don’t count unpaid care work

• Don’t reflect the uneven distribution of wealth within a country

• Don’t account for PPP (purchasing power parity = exchange rate—the rate at which the currency of one country would have to be converted into that of another country to buy the same amount of goods and services in each country)

What are the three world bank classifications

HIC > GNI = $12,376 or more per capita

MIC > GNI = $1,026 to 12,375 per capita

LIC > GNI = less than $1,025 per capita =

What does a ‘Core City’ mean?

A core city means it is wealthy with high levels of opportunity, well conected infrastructure (good education, healthcare), good insitutions, pop. density is higher, birth rate is lower - children more expensive

Known for political and economical power, regional dominance, prestige, media, etc…

What does a ‘periphery city’ mean?

A peripheral city means it is poor with low levels of opportunity, badly connected infrastrucutre (poor education, healthcare), poorly funded institutions.

Define Megacity

A metropolitan area with a population of more than 10 million people. It includes all the inhabitants of an urban area — regardless of administrative boundaries.

Define Migration and its reasons for migration

Migration is the temporary or permanent movement of people from one location to another. Migration is the result of a series of complex push-pull factors.

Better job opportunities

Better healthcare and education

State 2 push factors in migration

Persecution, violence, conflict → People are forced to leave a place voluntarily due to persecution based on their ethnicity, religion, sexuality, etc.

Low opportunity: less employment -people migrate due to lack of employment opportunities or a poor range of employment choices.

Poor medical services and poor access to medicine

Extreme enviroments & degradation

Traditional culture/lack of entertainment

poor educational services

Higher risk of natural disasters

State 2 pull factors in migration

Poeple migrate to a place because of…

Human rights, safety, peace > due to better rights and protections and improved personal, political and social safety

higher opportunity: more employment > due to better opportunities such as increased employment and variet of jobs to offer

Better medical services and access to medicine > due to quality of medical services and medicine

temperate climate > More stanle, livable cliamte and environment

Modern culture & entertainment > greater range of social opportunities, culture and entertainment

Better education servies > improved school and higher educational opportunities (universities)

Lower risk of natural disasters > due to decreased instance of natural disasters and more stable predicatable environment

State 2 physical barriers to migration

• Oceans → people are trafficked illegally across borders

• Moutains

• general distance between places

Since technology has developed, these barriers reduced in significance.

State 2 human barriers to migration

• Need documentation and travel agreements

• Rules and long application processes for work permits and visas

• Political barriers physically preventing movement within country

• Lunguistic or cultural barriers

• High poverty and high unemployment.

• cost of relocating, finding new employment etc

Define rural-urban migration

The movement of people from rural peripheries to the urban core, and it operates at all geogrpahic scales from local and international.

State and define Floating Population

Permanent population: residents who permantly stay in an area for a considerable amount of time, and are highly integrated into local communities

Floating population: Group of people who live in certain locations for a certain period of time for a variety of reasons. They are not considered part of the permanent population. → This is largly poor people from rural areas looking in urvan to find employment opportunities

Define Demographics

The broad characteristics of groups of people and populations, this allows the forecasting of economic patterns and population growth.

Define Crude birth rate

The numbers of live births occuring during a given year, per thousand population of given geographical area.

births x 1000 / population

Define Fertility Rate

The mumber of child/number of births per 1000 women a woman gives birth to during her reproductive years.

Family size

A total numver of children born to a woman at a given point in time

Define crude death rate

the number of deaths occuring during a given year, per thosuand popualtion among the population of a given geographical area

State 3 causes of Child & Infant mortality

Pneumonia

premature births and neonatal disorders

Diarrheal diseases

What is Natural Increase

The different between birth rate and death rate, usually expressed as a % of per 1000 population

What is Net migration rate

The difference between the number of immigrants (entering) and numver of emigrants (leaving) over a one year period

positive net migration = greater demand on resources

negative net migration = lose money to solve demand but losing consumers

What is Sex ratio

The recorded sex of babies at birth… Natural sex ratio is 105 males to every 100 females

Sex Selection

The attempt to control the sex of infants to achieve a desired sex.
Sons are more desired because of cultural thinking that they earn more money than daughters

Daughters are desired less because of social, economic, and symbolic position of society

What is Gender Ratio

The ratio of males to females in a population as a whole 105:100 male:female

What is the different between sex ratio and gender ratio?

Gender ratio calculate the ratio of males to females as a whole whereas, sex ratio calculates the recorded sex of the babie when they are born