UNIT 1: POPULATION

Population distribution - how is it determined?

The pattern where human population live in a given area of the earth, determined by strong physical and human factors

Population Density - How can it be studied?

The measurement of the average number of people living in an area

What is a Choropleth Maps + Positives and Negatives?

A map showing average values by shading, colouring of placing of symbols in geographic area.

Positive: cover large amount of data over areas, allows easy comparing, easy to identify patterns

Negative: uses averages, simplifies regional and local variations, suggests dramatic changes at the bundaries of regions when changes are much more general.

Climate, level of urbanisation, fertile land, natural resources, freshwater availability, level of industrialisation are common factors that influence…

Population density

What are the three Economic Development Classifications

1950s - 1991: Three Worlds Model

1980s: North-South Divide Line

Today: World Bank GNI classifications

These allow us to measure and compare changes in economic development at national and global level

What is GDP and how is it measured?

GDP = Gross Domestic Product

The measure of the total value of all goods and services within the borders of a specific country over 1 year

Overseas income not included - earnings sent home by workers outside the country are not included in GDP

Non-domestic earning/income included: Any earnings made by foreign workers/companies are counted in the GDP because they were earned domestically

What is GNI and how is it measured?

GNI = Gross National Income

A measure of the total income of all individuals and businesses located within the borders of a country over 1 year period

Overseas income included: Includes all earnings sent home by domestic workers/companies residing outside the country, even though they were own internationally

Non-domestic companies: GNI does not include earnings made by foreign workers resident in the country or income generated by foreign companies because these incomes flow out of the country

Advantages Development Indicators

Advantages:

GDP

• GDP is widely recognised and used as a measure of a country’s economic Health

• Good economic snapshot of country and can be used to estimate the size of an economy and growth

GNI

• More accurate alternative to GDP by UN and World Bank because it includes foreign direct investment, foreign corporate presences, or foreign aid and better reflects today’s globalised world

Disadvantages of Development Indicators

• GDP doesn’t reflect the globalised nature of the world

• Neither are helpful in indicating levels of social or political developement —> only focusing on economics

• Neither reflect ‘external costs’ on the environment

• Income generated from the informal sector is either ignored or underestimated when calculating the GNI/GDP of LICs

• Don’t count unpaid care work

• Don’t reflect the uneven distribution of wealth within a country

• Don’t account for PPP (purchasing power parity = exchange rate—the rate at which the currency of one country would have to be converted into that of another country to buy the same amount of goods and services in each country)

What are the three world bank classifications

HIC > GNI = $12,376 or more per capita

MIC > GNI = $1,026 to 12,375 per capita

LIC > GNI = less than $1,025 per capita =

What does a ‘Core City’ mean?

A core city means it is wealthy with high levels of opportunity, well conected infrastructure (good education, healthcare), good insitutions, pop. density is higher, birth rate is lower - children more expensive

Known for political and economical power, regional dominance, prestige, media, etc…

What does a ‘periphery city’ mean?

A peripheral city means it is poor with low levels of opportunity, badly connected infrastrucutre (poor education, healthcare), poorly funded institutions.

Define Megacity

A metropolitan area with a population of more than 10 million people. It includes all the inhabitants of an urban area — regardless of administrative boundaries.

Define Migration and its reasons for migration

Migration is the temporary or permanent movement of people from one location to another. Migration is the result of a series of complex push-pull factors.

Better job opportunities

Better healthcare and education

State 2 push factors in migration

Persecution, violence, conflict → People are forced to leave a place voluntarily due to persecution based on their ethnicity, religion, sexuality, etc.

Low opportunity: less employment -people migrate due to lack of employment opportunities or a poor range of employment choices.

Poor medical services and poor access to medicine

Extreme enviroments & degradation

Traditional culture/lack of entertainment

poor educational services

Higher risk of natural disasters

State 2 pull factors in migration

Poeple migrate to a place because of…

Human rights, safety, peace > due to better rights and protections and improved personal, political and social safety

higher opportunity: more employment > due to better opportunities such as increased employment and variet of jobs to offer

Better medical services and access to medicine > due to quality of medical services and medicine

temperate climate > More stanle, livable cliamte and environment

Modern culture & entertainment > greater range of social opportunities, culture and entertainment

Better education servies > improved school and higher educational opportunities (universities)

Lower risk of natural disasters > due to decreased instance of natural disasters and more stable predicatable environment

State 2 physical barriers to migration

• Oceans → people are trafficked illegally across borders

• Moutains

• general distance between places

Since technology has developed, these barriers reduced in significance.

State 2 human barriers to migration

• Need documentation and travel agreements

• Rules and long application processes for work permits and visas

• Political barriers physically preventing movement within country

• Lunguistic or cultural barriers

• High poverty and high unemployment.

• cost of relocating, finding new employment etc

Define rural-urban migration

The movement of people from rural peripheries to the urban core, and it operates at all geogrpahic scales from local and international.

State and define Floating Population

Permanent population: residents who permantly stay in an area for a considerable amount of time, and are highly integrated into local communities

Floating population: Group of people who live in certain locations for a certain period of time for a variety of reasons. They are not considered part of the permanent population. → This is largly poor people from rural areas looking in urvan to find employment opportunities

Define Demographics

The broad characteristics of groups of people and populations, this allows the forecasting of economic patterns and population growth.

Define Crude birth rate

The numbers of live births occuring during a given year, per thousand population of given geographical area.

births x 1000 / population

Define Fertility Rate

The mumber of child/number of births per 1000 women a woman gives birth to during her reproductive years.

Family size

A total numver of children born to a woman at a given point in time

Define crude death rate

the number of deaths occuring during a given year, per thosuand popualtion among the population of a given geographical area

State 3 causes of Child & Infant mortality

Pneumonia

premature births and neonatal disorders

Diarrheal diseases

What is Natural Increase

The different between birth rate and death rate, usually expressed as a % of per 1000 population

What is Net migration rate

The difference between the number of immigrants (entering) and numver of emigrants (leaving) over a one year period

positive net migration = greater demand on resources

negative net migration = lose money to solve demand but losing consumers

What is Sex ratio

The recorded sex of babies at birth… Natural sex ratio is 105 males to every 100 females

Sex Selection

The attempt to control the sex of infants to achieve a desired sex.
Sons are more desired because of cultural thinking that they earn more money than daughters

Daughters are desired less because of social, economic, and symbolic position of society

What is Gender Ratio

The ratio of males to females in a population as a whole 105:100 male:female

What is the different between sex ratio and gender ratio?

Gender ratio calculate the ratio of males to females as a whole whereas, sex ratio calculates the recorded sex of the babie when they are born

Define and provide one example of the Son Preference

Due to Anti-Natal Policies in China (One child policy), according to chinese attitudes towards genders, sons has more economic value than daughter, described as “money-losing merchandise”

Define and name three reasons for Female Infanticide

The deliberate killing of newborn children - espcially females

REASONS

1. Poverty: to relieve the financial burden and/or liability to raise a dowry

2. Pity: to save the child from a ‘life of misery’

3. Shame: Women giving brith out of wedlock is culturally a taboo

4. Lineage: The cultural need to continue the family name

5. Religion: Belief that a son is the only one who can bring salvation in the afterlife

Why is there uneven ratios due to migration?

Male migration to a country for work in construction and labouring, leaving higher porportions of females in the source country

Female migration to a country for domestic work and roles in healthcase, this may leave a higher proportion of males in the source country

Why is there uneven ratios due to aging?

Males engage in risky behaviour resulting in higher male death rate

Males working in more dangerous fileds resulting in a higher death rate

Child mortalityt being higher amongst boys

Biologival differences related to the storing of fat around vital organs

all of which lead to higher proportions of females in a country

What is the dependency ratio and why is it important for economic development?

Dependency ratio is the dependents is the young and old cohorts VS the working population.

It gives insight into the number of non-working age people vs working age peple, and therefore the economic burden on the economically active population.

What is an ageing society

When the median age of a country rises due to increased life expectancy and/or declining birth rates.

Why does this happen?

Mostly in HICs because od good levels of healthcare, education high QOL, high cost of having children.

What are 3 challenges of ageing populations?

1. Smaller workforce: smaller economically active population means an increased dependency ratio and also a reduction in economic input

2. Reduced productivity: due to smaller workforces and reduced domestic market for goods and services

3. Less tax income: fewer people working = less tax = public services at rick (education / transport / healthcare etc.)

4. Lack of funds for pensions: a smaller workforce means less tax being paid and greater number of pensioners mean its hard to fund pensions

5. Strain on health system: Elders get sick frequently, which places a strain on the healthcare system - reduced taxes to pay for hospitals etc. A smaller workforce means less people to work in healthcare

6. 4:2:1 dependency: smaller family sizes means less chidlren having to support more elderly relatives, for longer

7. Care Costs: Eldery care is expensive - old relatives may move into younger fmaily memebrs as

What are 3 opportunities of ageing populations?

1. More experienced workforce: people will work longer meaning less innovative, but more experienced workforce with a greater knowledge base

2. Free childcare: Grandparents provide free childcare for grandchildren, meaning families save money and work full time, which contributes taxes and stimulates the economy

3. Grey economy: Older people tend to have higher disposible income - a lucrative and growing area of the economy

What are 3 government responses to ageing societies?

1. Tax increases: to fund pensions and healthcare

2. Push back retirement age: to expand the economically active, tax paying population

3. public service cuts: to fund healthcare / pension

4. increase nursing home funding: to reduce the burden and cost on families taking care of elderly relatives

Define the demographic transition model

A well established theory or model that refers to the following demographic / development shift:

From high birth rates/death rates to low birth rates/death rates

Define the Demographic Dividend

The changing demographic structure of a country is a major force that affects its economic, social and political status, and is crucial indetermining its future development and prosperity

What are the benefits of a Demographic Dividend?

1. Stronger overall economy: total wage increase which grows domestic economy through consumer spending on goods and services

2. Bigger tax base

3. reduced spending on Old Dependents

4. Reduces spending on Young dependents

5. Attracts overseas investment

Define Pro-Natal Policies and suggest how that affect a country

Encourages having children and becoming parents to reverse declining populations, promoting it as desirable for social and eocnomic growth

Positives:

1. Decreases the need for immigration and socioeconomic impacts

2. Reduces cost of having children for individuals

3. large future workforce/military/domestic economy

Negative:

1. Increases can be short term

2. concerns about government interventions in people’s private lives

3. increased materinity leave costs

Define Anti-Natal Policies and suggest how that affect a country

Discourages having children and slow down fast-growing populations by limiting the number of children a couple can have or by using financial and social incentives to promote smaller families

Positives:

1. Reduces birth rate

2. avoids ‘malthusian’ catastrophe

3. More resources per child

4. Better educated workforce

Negative:

1. Skewed sex ratios

2. unmarried men

3. ‘little emperor syndrome’

4. 4-2-1 dependency ratio

5. Forced abortion