Week 8 CLA

Binomial Nomenclature

The system of naming species with two names, the genus name capitalized and the species name in lowercase.

Genus Naming

The process of assigning a noun as the first part of a scientific name, following specific rules based on Latin, Greek, or modern words.

Species Naming

The process of selecting epithets that describe the genus, following Latin grammar rules for adjectives, participles, appositives, and genitives.

Taxon

A unit of biological classification, such as a genus or species, used to categorize organisms.

Trinomen

A three-part name used for some organisms, including the genus, species, and subspecies or variety.

Pole and Arctic

Pole: means axis "axle of wheel"
Arctic: means bear (Constellation)

Solstice and Equinox

Solstice: means sun-stop
Equinox: means equal-night

Tropics and Zodiac

Tropics: means turning circle
Zodiac: means circle

7 Planets

Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn

English Days of Week

Sun- Sunday
Moon- Monday
Mars- "Tiwe" Tuesday
Mercury- "Woden" Wednesday
Jupiter- "Thor" Thursday
Venus- "Fria" Friday
Saturn- Saturday

Retrograde motion

"Back Walk". Motion of a planet that seems to move in an opposite direction.

Carl Linnaeus

Born: 1707 = 18th century
Place: Stenbrohult, Sweden
Created a simplified way of naming organisms. He cataloged many animal and plant organisms.

Aristotelian Definition: Species, Genus, and Differentiae

Genus: kind
Species: form
Differentiae: Differences
Ex) The lion (species) is a cat (genus) with a mane (differentiae)

Scripture

Latin scriptura, which means writing

Creeds

Latin credo, which means "i believe". It is a formal statement of belief.

Ritual

Latin ritualis from ritus, which means rite. It is a ceremonial act or performance

Theism

Greek theo-, which means God. It means belief in God

Polytheism vs Monotheism vs Henotheism vs Atheism vs Agnosticism

Belief in many Gods
Belief in one God
Belief in many Gods but only worship one (Heno- one)
Belief in no God
Belief in higher being.

Animism

Anim=soul, which is believed that all natural objects have their own souls.

Martyr

Means a witness

Bishop

Greek "Overseer"

Dogma

Greek "What is deemed correct"

Bible

Greek "Holy books"

Baptism

Greek "Immerse" "Bathe" "Wash"

Angel

Greek "Messenger" "Envoy"

Catholic

Cata: "according to, throughout"
Olos: "whole"
Lower case c, as in catholic, means universal or all-encompassing.

Orthodox

"Upright, correct" "Opinion"

Pontiff

Latin pontifex. Pontiff means the Pope.
Pons: "bridge"
Fic: "to make"

Simplicity of Linnaeus' Binomial System

Freed nomenclature from being descriptive (with differentiae). All that was needed was any unique word to name the species.

Conventions for Binomial

Genus first, species second. Genus is capitalized and species isn't. Genus and species need to stand out from text (i.e. italicized).

Further Conventions

In very formal nomenclature, the date and author are included in species name.
Ex) Panthera leo Linnaeus, 1758 (= Panthera leo L., 1758)
Also in publication, full name is used then later the genus can be abbreviated.
Ex) Escherichia coli --> E. coli.

Celestial Bodies

In classical and medieval philosophy, celestial bodies were made of ether. This is what Aristotle referred to as quintessence.

Quintessence

The most perfect example of a quality

Luminiferous Ether

A medium by which electromagnetic radiation traveled.

Staphyloccocus

Staphylo- bunch of grapes
Coccus- grain, berry

Streptococcus

Strepto- chain

Streptobacillus

Bacillus- little rod

Spirochete

Spiro- twist of a coil
Chete- long hair

{morph}

form, shape

{eme}

irreducible unit

{bio}

life

{entomo}

insect

{ethno}

a race or nation of people

{etymo}

basic meaning of word

{geo}

land, earth

{horo}

hour, time

{patho}

suffering, disease, feeling

{psycho}

soul, mind

{logy} vs {logist}

study of vs person who studies

{ichthyo}

fish
Ex) Ichthyophagous

{sapro}

rotten
Ex) Saprophagous

{rhizo} {rhiz}

root
Ex) Rhizophagous

{iatr} {iatro}

doctor or treatment

{hipp}

horse
Ex) Hippiatry

{pus} {pod}

foot
Ex) Podiatrist

{ornith} {ornitho}

bird

{ger}

old
Ex) Geriatrics

{carcin} {carcino}

cancer
Ex) Carcinogen

{partheno}

virgin
Ex) Parthenon

{carni}

meat or flesh

{cide}

kill
Ex) Suicide

{febri}

fever
Ex) Febrifuge

{frugi} {fructi}

fruit
Ex) Frugivorous

{fuge}

drive away, flee
Ex) Vermifuge

{fy}

make
Ex) Rectify

{herbi}

grass

{insecti}

insect

{magni}

big

{omni}

all
Ex) Omnivorous

{pater} {patri}

father

{pesti}

troublesome animal, plant

{pisci}

fish

{rani}

frog
Ex) Ranivorous snakes

{sui}

self

{vermi}

worm

{vor} {vore}

eating

{ag} {act}

do
Ex) Agriculture

{frang} {fract}

break
Ex) Fracture

{grav}

heavy, serious, pregnant
Ex) Gravid

{host}

enemy
Ex) Hostile

{neglig} {neglect}

disregard
Ex) Negligence

{sap} {sip}

taste
Ex) Sapid, Insipid

{brevi}

short
Ex) Brevity

{joc}

jest, fun
Ex) Jacose

{nebul}

cloud
Ex) Nebula

{rect}

right
Ex) Rectitude

{simil} {simili}

like
Ex) Similar

{squal}

rough, dirty
Ex) Sqaulor

{radic}

root
Ex) Eradicate

{ferv}

heat

Horizon

Origin: Greek
Etymology: Bounding circle
Modern: Line where Earth surface and sky meet

Vodka

Origin: Russia
Etymology: Little water
Modern: Alcohol

Whisky

Origin: Gaelic (Celtic language in Scotland)
Etymology: whiskeybae (uisgebeatha) meaning water of life
Modern: Alcohol

Sardonic

Origin: Greek
Etymology: Of bitter or scornful laughter
Modern: Grimly mocking or cynical

OK

Origin: President Martin Van Buren election
Etymology: Old Kinderhook (before oll korrect)
Modern: Acceptance, agreement

Allusion vs Illusion

Indirect way of referencing something vs False belief

Alteration vs Altercation

To change something vs Quarrel (angry argument)

Violation vs Volition

Breaking of law/Intrude on someone's privacy vs Act of choosing

Alter ego

Etymology: other self
Word for word: second self

Cum grano salis

Etymology: with grain of salt
Word for word: view with skepticism