Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Fluid & Electrolyte Balance

Flashcards based on cellular adaptation, fluid & electrolyte regulation, action potential, and acid-base balance.

What is atrophy?

Decrease in cell size

What is hypertrophy?

Increase in cell size

What is hyperplasia?

Increase in the number of normal cells

What is metaplasia?

Mature cells are replaced by different mature cells

What is dysplasia?

Change in the shape, size, and organization of mature cells

What is ischemia?

Obstruction or cessation of blood flow

What is a free radical?

Atom with unpaired electron wreaks havoc

What is Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury (IRI)?

Enzyme conversion with O2 exposure

What are the immediate consequences (->~24 hours) of major burn injury (>20% TBSA)?

Edema, hypoalbuminemia, hypovolemia, tissue ischemia, acidosis

What is necrosis?

Sum of cellular changes after local cell death & process of cellular autodigestion

What is apoptosis?

Mainly programmed cellular death

What is coagulative necrosis?

Coagulation of proteins in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands

What is caseous necrosis?

Combined coagulative and liquefactive necrosis

What is fat necrosis?

Lipase action in the breast, pancreas, and abdomen

What is gangrenous necrosis?

Hypoxia and bacterial invasion

What is hypoxia?

Inadequate oxygen in tissue

What is ischemia?

Inadequate blood supply

What is oxidative stress?

Imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants

What is a free radical?

Electrically unstable molecule

What is osmotic equilibrium?

Movement of water from ICF to ECF according to the osmotic gradient

What is RAAS?

System that regulates sodium

What is edema?

Accumulation of fluid in interstitial space

What mechanisms cause edema?

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma albumin, increased capillary permeability, lymph obstruction

What causes increased capillary hydrostatic pressure?

Venous obstruction, Na+ & H2O retention

What is between 7.35 to 7.45?

Normal arterial blood pH

What is acidosis?

Increased H+ concentration

What is alkalosis?

Decreased H+ concentration

What is respiratory acidosis?

Increased PaCO2 (ventilatory depression)

What is respiratory alkalosis?

Decreased PaCO2 (alveolar hyperventilation)

What is metabolic acidosis?

Decreased HCO3 – (↑ acid or ↓ base)

What is metabolic alkalosis?

Increased HCO3 – (↓ acid or ↑ base)

Which one is Acidosis?

↑ in H+ concentration

Which one is Alkalosis

↓ in H+ concentration

What is Respiratory acidosis

↑ PaCO2 (ventilatory depression)

What is Respiratory alkalosis

↓ PaCO2 (alveolar hyperventilation)

What is Metabolic acidosis

↓ HCO3 – (↑ acid or ↓ base)

What is Metabolic alkalosis

↑ HCO3 – (↓ acid or ↑ base)

What are common biochemical derangements of cell injury & death?

↓ ATP, reactive oxygen species (ROS), ↑ Ca++, membrane permeability defects

What happens when there is decreased ATP?

Cellular swelling, protein synthesis, membrane transport

What is a free radical?

Atom with unpaired electron wreaks havoc

What are the three types of Gangrenous Necrosis?

Dry: coagulative. Wet: liquefactive. Gas: clostridium

What are Capillary pressures?

Fluid movement by net filtration

What is Intracellular osmotic pressure?

Fluid movement by osmosis

What causes fever?

Endogenous pyrogens, acute inflammatory response

What causes pain?

Bradykinins, pressure

What happens during Apoptosis?

Enzyme synthesis, protease-induced shrinkage, cell fragmentation, phagocytosis

What happens during Necrosis?

Tissue cells swell & lyse, slow & messy, inflammation of neighboring cells

Which one is Pulling ?

7. Oncotic

What is ↑ Na+?

8. RAAS

What is Edema?

9. ↑ interstitial fluid

Which one is Alkalosis

11. ↑ HCO3 -