protists n fungi bio II

midterm exam

protist

single-celled multicellular eukaryotic organisms — do not fit into any kingdom

endosymbiosis

organisms that live inside another organisms, small live inside big

what does endosymbiosis have to do with protists?

scientists hypothesized (because of their genetic similarities), that protists and other eukaryotic arose from ancient prokaryotes that lived in endosymbiosis with each other, leading to the formation of complex cells.

how are protists classified?

protists are classified by the characteristics that resemble those of fungi, plants, and animals — traditionally classified in protista kingdom

what is common amongst animal like protists?

Most protists are heterotrophic, meaning they obtain nutrients by consuming other organisms or organic matter. A common characteristic is also the formation of pseudopodia, which are temporary extensions of the cell body used for movement and engulfing foo

what is different amongst animal like protists?

Animal-like protists (protozoa) differ mainly in their methods of movement (locomotion) and feeding, despite all being single-celled, heterotrophic eukaryotes, with major groups including Amoebas (using pseudopods), Ciliates (using cilia), Flagellates (using flagella), and Sporozoans (mostly non-motile parasites

what is their role in the ecosystem

are crucial for decomposing, forming food webs, and even producing oxygen

zoomastiginia/zooflagellates — how do they move

using flagella — either one or two (long, whip-like structures made up of microtubules and used for movement).

zoomastiginia/zooflagellates — how do they eat

absorb food through cell membrane

zoomastiginia/zooflagellates — where are they found

in lakes or streams

zoomastiginia/zooflagellates — how do they reproduce

asexually and sexually

sporozoans — how do they move?

do not move on own (move through the host because they are parasitic)

sarcodina — how do they move?

move using cytoplasmic extensions (pseudopodia — amoeboid movement)

sarcodina — how do they eat?

capture food using pseudopods: food vacuole

sarcodina — harmful?

amebic dysentery — entamoeba or giardia which cause ulcers by attacking large intestinal lining

sporozoans — are they harmful?

can cause malaria — plasmodium

ciliates / ciliophora — how do they move?

move through use of cilia: hair like projections

ciliates / ciliophora — how do they eat?

pellicle — oral groove — mouth pore — gullet — enzymes digest food. non-digest goes through anal pore

ciliates / ciliophora — how do they reproduce?

asexual - binary fission/mitosis; sexual - conjugation (meiosis)

trichocysts

used for defense - anchoring

macronucleus

daily activities, metabolism, and development

micronucleus

exchange of genetic material during conjugation

gullet

forms food vacuole that moves throughout cytoplasm

anal pore

contracs and expels undigested food

contractile vacuole

squeezes out excess water and maintains homeostasis

plant like protists — characterized how?

Plant-like protists (algae) are characterized by being autotrophs (photosynthesis), having chloroplasts & chlorophyll, possessing cell walls, and living in aquatic environments — classified into 7 phyla based on pigments, form of food storage, and cell wall compositions

plant like protists — how are they important

base of most aquatic food webs and produce oxygen

plant like protists — unicellular?

green algae (chloroplasts), diatoms (bacillariophyta), golden algae (chrysophyta), euglenophyta (Euglenoids)

plant like protists — multicellular

pgaeophyta (brown algae), rhodophyta (red algae), green algae (chlorophyta)

plant like protists — euglenophytes move?

using two flagella

plant like protists — euglenophytes different from plants?

autotrophic like plants, but lack a cell wall and are highly motile

plant like protists — euglenophytes use to find sunlight

eyespots

plant like protists — chrysophytes different from euglena and plants?

have chlorophyll a and c, and have carotenoids. Euglena have chlorophyll a and b + lack cell walls. Chrysophytes have carbohydrate pellicle cell walls

plant like protists — diatoms different from chrysophytes

diatom cell walls made of silicon, not carbohydrate pellicle

unique about dinoflagellates

bioluminescence

human uses of algae

mediations (treats ulcers, arthritis, blood pressure), food (sushi wrap, thickeners/algin), and industry plastics

how many fungus like protists

myxomycota, dictyostelids, oomycota, and chytridiomycota

what role do fungus like protists play in the ecosystem

decomposers (recycling ) + plants disease

how are fungus like protists different from plants, alike animals?

they lack cell walls, but have centroides

where are slime molds found?

free-living cells in soil surfaces

where are water molds found?

in water or plant parasites

what are fungi?

multicellular (except yeast), eukaryotic heterotrophs, that have cell walls made form chitin

how do fungi eat?

hetertrophs — digest food outside their body then absorb it. Also, create enzymes to digest food

how are yeasts different from other fungi

unicellular

how are fungi similar to plants, different from plants?

fungi have cell walls and are rigid (alike plants), but are heterotrophs (plants are autotrophs).

hyphae

thin filaments that make up fungi

mycelium

bodies of hyphae

cap

fruiting body — reproductive structure visible above soil

stipe

raises cap for optimal spore dispersion

gills

maximize surface area where spores are produced

veil

protects spores while in immature form

how do fungi reproduce

aseuxal — hyphae break off and grow on their own. Spores scatter and grow more organisms produced inside sporangia on tips of hyphae (fragmentation). Sexual — mushroom cap has gills lined with basidia — two haploid nuclei fuse creating diploid zygote then spores are scattered

phylum basidiomycota

club fungi ex mushroom

phylum zygomycota

bread mold

rhizoids

rootlike hyphae that penetrates the bread surface

stolons

stem like hyphae along surface

sporangiophores

hyphae that pushes into the air

phylum ascomycota

sac fungi

phylum deuteromycota

imperfect fungi

why are they called imperfect?

lack sexual stage

why are fungi important

decomposers, maintain equilibrium in ecosystem — nature’s recyclers

which fungi are plants parasites

what rust, corn smut

fungi human parasites

ringworm, athletes foot

animal parasites for fungi

cordyceps

how do yeast reproduce

budding

what features do protists have that make them different from bacteria and archaea

eukaryotic — membrane bound nucleus and organelles (mitochondria)

petroleum deposits (golden algae)

accumulations of hydrocarbons (oil and gas) - ancient organisms

golden algae

highly resistant cysts to protect from frozen lakes during winter

red tide

kills large number of fish and dangerous to human