AP Psych-Unit 2 Pt.2

mnemonic devices

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

method of loci

A mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations

chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

spacing effect

the tendency for information to be retained better when rehearsal is distribution overtime

massed practice

cramming information into a single long study session

distributed practice

spacing out study sessions over a longer period effect

serial position effect

the tendency to remember information and the beginning and end of a list better than info in the middle

primacy effect

the tendency to remember info presented at the beginning of a list

recency effect

the tendency to remember information presented at the end of a list

maintenance rehearsal

repeating info over and over to keep it in short term memory

elaborative rehearsal

process of connecting info to existing knowledge

autobiographical memory

memory for personal experiences

physical impairment

damage to the brain or nervous system can impair memory

developmental limitations

children and older adults may have difficulty forming and retrieving memory

retrograde amnesia

the inability to remember events that occurred before onset of amnesia

anterograde amnesia

the inability to form new memory after the onset of amnesia

developmental limitations

children and older adults may have difficulty forming and retrieving memory

Alzheimer's disease

progressive brain disorder that causes memory loss and cognitive decline

infantile amnesia

the inability to remember events from early childhood

recognition

ability to identify previously learned info when its presented

recall

ability to retrieve info from memory without any cues

context dependent memory

remembering info better when in same context or environment where it was learned

mood congruent memory

the tendency to recall info that is consistent with ones current mood

state dependent memory

remembering info better when in the same physiological or psychological state as when the info is learned

testing effect

enhanced memory retention through repeated testing or practice retrieval

metacognition

awareness and understanding of one's own thought process

forgetting curve

graph depicting the decline of memory retention over time

proactive interference

tendency of previously learned info to interfere with the learning of new info

retroactive interference

tendency of newly learned info to interfere with the retrieval of previously learned info

tip of the tongue phenomenon

temporary inability to retrieve specific info from memory, often accompanied by a feeling of knowing it

Repression (defense mechanism)

unconscious process that involves pushing anxiety provoking thoughts and memories out of conscious awareness

misinformation effect

tendency for false or misleading information presented after an event to alter ones memory of the event

source amnesia

the inability to remember the source of a memory while retaining its substance

constructive memory

process of reconstructing memories, often influenced by personal beliefs, biases, and expectatios

memory consolidation

process of stabilizing a memory trace after initial acquisition

imagination inflation

tendency for repeatedly imagining an event to increase the likelihood of falsely believing that the event actually occurred

general intelligence

a general mental ability that influences performance on a variety of cognitve tasks

intelligence quotient (IQ)

scores derived from intelligence tests that measures a person's cognitive abilities relative to other of the same age

standardization

test that is administered and scored in a consistent manner

variety

a test that measures what is intended to measure

construct validity

psychological concept/trait that a test is designed to measure

predictive validity

test's ability to predict future performance/behavior

psychometric principles

guidelines for constructing psychological tests that are reliable, valid, and standardized

reliability

test that produces consistent results over time/across multiple administrations

test-retest reliability

a measure of reliability that assesses the consistency of test scores over time

split-half reliability

measure of reliability that assesses the consistency of scores on 2 halves of a test

stereotype threat

a situational predicament in which individuals are at a risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their group

Socio-Culturally Responsive Assessments

assessments that are fair and equitable for individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds

stereotype lift

phenomenon where individuals benefit from positive stereotypes about their group

flynn effect

observation that IQ scores have been steadily rising over time

achievement tests

tests that measure a person's knowledge of skill in a specific area

aptitude tests

tests that assess a person's potential for learning or acquiring new skills

fixed mindset

the belief that intelligence and abilities are fixed traits

growth mindset

belief that intelligence and abilities can be developed through effort and practice

hiearchies-grouping

groups objects into a cluster hierarchy without enforcing a linear order within them

encoding

the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.

sensory memory

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

short term memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten

working memory

active maintenance of information in short-term storage

long term memory

a type of storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years

memory retention

Ability to maintain information over time.

retrieval

the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

retrieval cues

stimuli that aid the recall or recognition of information stored in memory

encoding failure

failure to process information into memory

intelligence

the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

multiple intelligence

idea that people vary in their ability levels across different domains of intellectual skill

mental age

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance

chronological age

Age as measured in years from date of birth