1D and 1E - Stages of Learning, Direct vs Constraints

How does the speed at which a performer progresses through the stages of learning and the duration spent at each stage vary?

it will depend on skills that are taught, charateristics of the learner, type of learning, and amount of practise provided

What are the is the Cognitive stage of learning?

• the initial phase of learning of a movement skill where the emphasis is on conscious understanding of the task requirements. The learning style tends to be ‘trial and error’, and the cognitive stage is usually the shortest stage as improvements in the initial stage of learning are quite rapid.

What are the coaching focuses of Cognitive stage?

• Coaching should focus on simplicity and avoid overloading the learner with information.

• Verbal instructions need to be clear and concise.

• Demonstrations are beneficial for the learner.

• Repeated demonstrations of effective techniques are helpful.

• Teach the learner how to detect and correct errors.

• Provide feedback on mistakes (error detection) and ways to improve (error correction).

• Skills may be simplified or broken down into smaller components for easier learning.

What are the characteristics of associative stage of learning?

• Skill refinement leads to more consistent performance and improvement.

• Fewer errors and higher accuracy are observed.

• The learner focuses on refining their skills.

• Timing and coordination show noticeable improvement.

• Enhanced ability to self-detect errors and self-correct movements.

• Reduced attentional demand on basic skill execution.

• Increased capacity to consider other aspects like decision-making and tactics.

What are the coaching focuses of associative stage?

• Coaching should focus on providing regular practice opportunities.

• Learners should continue to work on error detection and correction.

  • Coaches assist learners in understanding why errors occur and help develop their ability to self-correct.

• Offer specific feedback tailored to the learner’s needs.

• Help learners recognize important cues and information in the game environment.

  • Expose learners to more open and competitive environments.

  • Enhance their decision-making skills.

What are the is the autonomous stage?

• refers to when the learner has mastered the new skill and can perform it almost without thought or attention. The skill is ‘second nature’ and hence the performer can multitask; for example, is able to concentrate on and apply game strategies while performing the relevant movement skill.

• Low attentional demand on skills and can

What are the coaching focuses of autonomous stage?

• Provide precise and detailed feedback.

  • Aim to further improve skill execution.

  • Small improvements can significantly impact performance at elite levels.

• Incorporate match practice.

  • Enhances tactical knowledge and decision-making skills.

• Maintain high learner motivation through varied and engaging practice.

  • Aids in further skill refinement and improvement.

• Continue to challenge the learner.

• Offer opportunities for performers to compare their performances with elite peers.

What are linear (direct) approaches to learning?

When learning is structured, step-by-step process where each stage builds upon the pervious. Coach provides example and instructs learner what to do and provide opportunities for practice.

An instructor-oriented approach to coaching movement skills, where the learner is told what to do and how to do it.

What is linear (direct) approaches characterized by?

• Coach directs all aspects of training; learner passively receives instructions.

• Skills are broken into sub-routines, each mastered before moving forward.

• Focus on textbook techniques and structured, repetitive drills.

• Practice occurs in a closed environment with minimal game application.

• Coaches control all decisions about practice and training

What are nonlinear approaches characterized by?

• Practice simulating how the movement skills can be performed in an actual game.

• Informational constraints – focusing on the movement outcome.

• Task constraints – creating variability of practice.

What is a constraints based approach?

Encourages the learner to discover effective skill technique and develop tactical awareness through participation in small-sided modified games with less coaching input

• involves modifying how an activity is performed, which is considered a task constraint.

What are some advantages to direct (traditional) approach?

• Maximizes practice time.

• Keeps learners focused and on-task.

• Rapid improvement in fundamental movement skills (FMS) with emphasis on sound technique.

• Quick and easy for coaches to set up.

• Predictable/closed environment boosts confidence, especially for beginners.

• Effective in early stages of learning.

What are some disadvantages to direct (traditional) approach?

• Skills learned in isolation, leading to minimal development of 'game-sense.'

  • Increased likelihood of errors in competitive settings.

• Drill-based activities can reduce motivation due to repetitiveness.

• Limited opportunities for decision-making.

  • Learners become dependent on coach's instructions.

• Poor transfer of learning to real-game situations.

What are constraints based approach characterized by?

• Practice is learner-centered.

• Learners are not directly told what to do but are encouraged to find their own solutions.

• Coaches act as facilitators rather than directors.

• Learners explore multiple movement options and contexts.

• Greater development of game-sense and tactical awareness.

• Learners become problem solvers and less reliant on coaches for improvement.

What are some advantages to constraints based approach?

• Develops problem-solving, thinking, and tactical players.

• Practice closely replicates game settings.

• Greater variability of practice maintains high motivation levels.

• Performers are less likely to 'choke' under pressure.

• Greater transfer of learning to real-game situations.

What are some disadvantages to constraints based approach?

• Not suitable for cognitive learners who may feel overwhelmed by rules, tactics, and new skills.

• Requires high levels of motivation from learners.

• Less structured approach may not yield maximum development for autonomous learners.

  • Less regimented structure may not be effective for large groups or young learners.

• Technical skills may lack refinement.

• Skill development may take longer due to limited individual feedback.

What do coaches need to consider in using either direct or constraints based approach?

Coaches should use a mix of both but also need to consider that one approach does not fit all and:

• Individual characteristics of the learner.

• Skill level and stage of learning and experience.

• Practice and training objectives and goals.

• Skill complexity.

What are individual constraints?

• Relate to physical and functional aspects of the performer.

• Examples: height, strength, learning style, fitness, confidence.

What are environmental constraints?

• Can be physical or sociocultural.

• Examples: gravity, weather, surface materials, obstacles, cultural norms, family support.

What are task constraints?

• Involve modifying rules, objectives, playing areas, number of players, equipment, and information sources.

• Easiest to manipulate and most frequently used.

why it is important for a coach to understand their performer’s stage of learning.

the coach needs to be able to successfully match the learning needs of the performer with the appropriate learning environment.

the coach can provide appropriate instruction as well as facilitate the most suitable type of practice. e.g. either using constraints or direct approach