Biology Genetics Quiz

Genotype

Genetic makeup of an organism

Phenotype

Visible traits of an organism

Traits

Characteristics inherited from parents

Dominant trait

Genetic factor that blocks another genetic factor

Recessive trait

Genetic factor that is blocked by the presence of a dominant factor

Genes

DNA segments

Karyotype

A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell

Number of divisions in mitosis

One

Number of divisions in meiosis

Two

Meiosis

A process that forms gametes by reducing the number of chromosomes in cells

Prophase 1

Crossing over occurs

Crossing over

Occurs during Prophase 1, homologous chromosomes exchange DNA

Chromosomes

Threadlike structures of DNA that contain genes

Homologous chromosome

Chromosomes that are identical

Metaphase 1

Independent assortment occurs

Independent assortment

Random distribution of genes

Anaphase 1

Homologous chromosomes move to the opposite poles of the cell

Telophase 1

Two haploid cells move into meiosis II without yet doubling

Prophase 2

The duplicated chromosomes and spindle fibers reappear

Metaphase 2

Chromosomes line up alone to split

Anaphase 2

Sister chromatids are pulled apart

Sister chromatid

Half of a duplicated chromosome

Duplicated chromosome

Two sister chromatids, X shaped

Telophase 2

Four unique haploid gametes form

Law of Segregation

Pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete

Fertilization

Combination of gametes

True breeding

Consistently produce offspring with one form of a trait