PHAR 122 Final Exam

Pharmacy Informatics

Scientific field that focuses on the study, design, and application of systems that manage health data to improve decision-making and outcomes

Information that intersects people, information, and technology

What are the three types of Patient-Specific Information?

Medication History

Medical History

Lab Results

• created and applied in the process of caring for individuals

What are the three examples of Knowledge-based Information?

Clinical Guidelines
Lab References Range

Possible Drug Side Effects

• Scientific basis of healthcare, can form the basis for healthcare protocols

What is HIPAA?

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

Protection for the Privacy of an individual’s health information

Providers must inform patient of privacy rights

HITECH Act

Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health
to improve patient care using interoperable electronic health record (EHR) systems

Interoperability: The ability for EHRs to connect or “talk” to each other

Alert Fatigue

Clinicans may become irritable or exhausted being exposed to too many alerts

What is the issue with alert fatigue? How does this affect the patient?

clinicans lead to ignoring some or all alerts, which reduces the safety benefits of the decision support system

Digital Therapeutics

generic use of technology to improve patient care

health technology solutions designed based on best practice and has positive outcomes on patient care

Artifical Intelligence (AI)

The science of creating software solutions that mimic human intelligence

Application of AI in Healthcare

AI is used to build digital solutions, drug development and improve patient care

What is the advantage of AI in Healthcare?

increase efficiency

What is the disadvantage of AI in healthcare?

can lead to confabulation (also known as ‘hallucination’) false info and resources

Incorrect Drug Selection/Dosing, Incomplete or Ambiguous Orders, Contraindication Oversight are examples of?

Prescribing Error

Incorrectly transcribing the medication order, Mistake in transfering medication are what type of medication error?

Transcribing

Incorrect Drug Dispensed, Wrong instructions or patient name, Packaging Error are examples of what type of error?

Dispensing Error

Wrong Dose Administed, Incorrect Route, Timing Errors are examples of what type of error?

Administration Error

Failure to Monitor for Adverse Effects or lack of follow up is what type of medication error?

Monitoring

What tools are used during the prescribing phase?

Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE)

Electronic Prescribing (ePrescribing/eScribe)

Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS)

Computerized Provder Order Entry (CPOE)

DIRECT entry of medical orders into EHR by licensed practitioners with specific ordering privileges (medical doctors, physician assistants, nurse practinioners)

Electronic Prescribing (ePrescribing)

transmission, use of electronic media of prescription or related information between a prescriber, dispenser, PBM, or health plan, either directly or through an intermediary, including an e-prescribing network

What is the difference between ePrescribe vs. CPOE?

1. prescription-related only (doesn’t include labs, diet, etc)

   1. not bound by a single healthcare entity

Clincial Decision Support Systems (CDSS)

A system intended to provide clinicans/patients/caregivers with clinical knowledge and patient-related information, intelligently filtered or presented at appropriate times, to enhance patient care
ex: Drug-drug interactions

antibiotic nomograms

clincial guidelines

What health information tools are used during the Transcribe process?

Pharmacy Computer Systems
- include CDSS and EBM tools
- should include functionality of order entry
EBM Tools
- dosing calculators/dose conversion
CDSS
- drug-drug interaction DDI checker

What tools are used during the dispensing step?

Automated Dispensing Cabinets (ABCs) and Bar Code Vertification

What tools are used during the Administration Step?

BPOC Bar coding at Point of Care

• ensures the 6 rights of medication are being used

eMAR

• Electronic Medication Administration Records

• eliminates the need for handwritten documentation and allows changes to be documented in real time for others to view

• Smart Pumps

  • intelligent infusion pumps, elimiate pump programming errors

What tools are used during the Monitor step?

Adverse Drug Event (ADE) Monitoring

uses data and predetermined rules to identify or predict where ADEs could occur for a patient in the healthcare system

Prescription Drug Monitoring (PDMP): database statewide prescribing and dispensing records for controlled drugs Schedules II-IV

Patient Digital Health Tools (therapuetic. monitoring, biomarkers, apps)