PTA 220-Final Review- Anatomy and Kinesiology

What is the term that is used to describe walking speed or the number of steps per minute

cadence

What is the term used to describe the activity that occurs between heel strike of one foot to heel strike of same foot

stride

What happens when one heel strikes the ground until the time the opposite heel strikes the ground

step

What is the normal walking cadence

110-115 steps/ minute

What prevents posterior displacement of the FEMUR on the TIBIA

ACL

What prevents posterior displacement of TIBIA in the FEMUR

PCL

What nerve innervates the Quad muscles

Femoral nerve

What nerve innervates the hamstring muscles

Sciatic nerve

What is the center of gravity in an adult

- slightly anterior to S2

For an object to remain stable the center of gravity and the line of gravity have to remain within what

The base of support

What is the reference point when ad/abducting the toes

The second toe

What is the reference point when ab/adducting the fingers

The third finger

What involves the time, space, mass aspect of a moving system

Kinematics

What is any action that moves an action

Force

What is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction

vector

What is the amount of matter an object contains

mass

What is the property of matter that causes it to resist motion in either speed or direction

inertia

What is the tendency of a force to produce rotation around an axis

torque

What is a force that develops between two surfaces that tends to prevent motion

friction

What is the vector that describes speed

velocity

What is the manner in which bones move in space

osteokinematics

What is the manner in which joint surfaces move in relation to each other

arthrokinematics

What deals with the forces causing movement in a system

kinetics

What movement always occurs in a sagittal plane around a frontal axis

Flexion and extension

What plane and axis does ad/abduction occur in

frontal; sagittal

What plane and axis does rotation occur in

transverse; vertical

What plane and axis does supination and pronation occur in

transverse; vertical

What is the dense outer part of the bone made of

Compact bone

What is the inside of the bone made of

Cancellous bone

What is the shaft of the bone called

Diaphysis

What is the ends of the long bone called

epiphysis

What is the area of cartilage that hardens in areas of growth called

Epiphyseal plate

What is the area of transition in the long bone

metaphysis

What is the outer layer of the bone that contains all of the nerves

periosteum

What is the ability of a muscle to respond to stimulus

irritability

If a muscle responds to a stimulus by shortening it is called

contractility

If a muscle responds to a stimulus by lengthening it is called

extensibility

If a muscle returns to resting position after stretching or shortening it is called

Elasticity

If you are sitting and flex and extend your knee, is it open or closed chain activity

open

If you are standing and flex and extend your knee, is it open or closed chain activity

closed

What has to be happening for it to be a closed chain activity

The distal segment has to be fixed

What is it called in a joint when the bones in a joint are fully approximated-congruent

Close-packed

What is it called in a joint when the bones in a joint are in a resting position

Open-packed

What are the three types of arthrokinematics

Roll, spin, glide

When the tibial plateaus glide anteriorly, the stability of the ACL is being checked, what direction will the rest of the bone go in

anteriorly

When the head of the humerus glides posteriorly, what direction will the rest of the bone go

Anteriorly

What is the normal range of motion for ankle plantar flexion

50

What is the normal range of motion for ankle dorsiflexion

25-30

What is the normal range of motion for knee extension

0

What is the normal range of motion for knee flexion

125-130

What is the normal range of motion for hip flexion

120-125

What is the normal range of motion for hip hyperextension

20

What is the normal range of motion for hip internal/external rotation

45/45

What is the normal range of motion for hip abduction

45

What is the normal range of motion for hip adduction

20-25

What is the normal range of motion for shoulder flexion

180

What is the normal range of motion for shoulder hyperextension

60

What is the normal range of motion for shoulder abduction

180

What is the normal range of motion for elbow flexion

150

What is the normal range of motion for elbow extension

0

What is the normal range of motion for elbow supination/pronation

90/90

What is the normal range of motion for wrist flexion

90

What is the normal range of motion for wrist extension

70-75

What is the normal range of motion for wrist radial deviation

20

What is the normal range of motion for wrist ulnar deviation

30-40

What is the bony landmark that is at the lateral proximal end of the femur

Greater trochanter

What is the bony landmark that is at the lateral proximal end of the humerus

Greater tubercle

What is the bony landmark that is the point of the elbow that is part of the ulna

olecranon

What is the bony landmark that is the point on the shoulder

acromion

What motion happens when the inferior angle of the scapula moves towards the armpit/axilla

Upward rotation

Upward rotation of the scapula occurs with what two glenohumeral motions

Flexion and abduciton

What ratio does the glenohumeral rhythym have

2:1

How many cervical vertebrae are there

7

How many thoracic vertebrae are there

12

How many lumbar vertebrae are there

5

How many nerves are in the cervical spine

8

How many pairs of nerves are in the thoracic spine

12

How many pairs of nerves are in the lumbar spine

5

How many nerves are in the sacral spine

5

What is the bottom of the spinal cord, that comes to a point at L2 called

Conus medularis

What is the artery that runs up through the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae

Vertebral

What part of the brain includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, and epithalamus

diencephalon

What is the hypothalamus responsible for

Hormones and homeostasis

What is the thalamus responsible for

Sensations

What is the part of the brain that is responsible for balance

cerebellum

What is the frontal lobe of the brain responsible for

personality

What is the occipital lobe of the brain responsible for

vision

What is the parietal lobe of the brain responsible for

sensations

What is the temporal lobe of the brain responsible for

Language and processing

If you are looking at a patient's posture from the front or back where would you want to see the plumb line fall

Mid-line

When looking at the lateral view of the plumb line where should it fall at the ankle

Slightly anterior to the lateral malleolus

When looking at the lateral view of the plumb line where should it fall at the knee

Slightly posterior to the patella

When looking at the lateral view of the plumb line where should it fall at the hip

Through the greater trochanter

When looking at the lateral view of the plumb line where should it fall at the lumbar spine

Through the vertebral bodies

When looking at the lateral view of the plumb line where should it fall at the shoulder

Through the acromion

When looking at the lateral view of the plumb line where should it fall at the head

Through the earlobe

What are the four muscles that make up the quadriceps

Rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedialis

What muscles are the knee extensors

The quads

What muscles are the plantar flexors of the ankle

Gastrocnemius and soleus

What muscles are the inverters of the ankle

Tibialis anterior and posterior