BIOL 211 Exam I Study Guide - Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary practice flashcards generated strictly from the BIOL 211 Exam I study guide transcript covering plant chemistry, cell structure, flower anatomy, tissues, roots, and shoots.

Secondary Metabolites

Compounds made from primary metabolic products that have specialized functions such as chemical signaling, anti-herbivore defense, and protection from sunlight.

Alkaloids

Nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites; examples include caffeine and mescaline.

Terpenoids

Secondary metabolites including essential oils, rubber, Taxol, and cardiac glycosides (Digitalis/Oleandrin).

Phenolics

Secondary metabolites including flavonoids, tannins, lignin, and urushiol.

Plasmodesmata

Channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells.

Primary Cell Wall

Cell wall layer deposited during cell growth; composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin, and located outside the plasma membrane.

Secondary Cell Wall

Cell wall layer deposited after the cell stops growing; located inside the primary cell wall with more cellulose and no pectin.

Sepals (Calyx)

The outermost sterile whorl of modified leaves that make up a flower.

Petals (Corolla)

The second sterile whorl of modified leaves in a flower.

Stamens

The fertile male parts of a flower consisting of an anther and filament.

Carpels

The fertile female parts of a flower consisting of a stigma, style, and ovary.

Complete Flower

A flower that contains all four whorls: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.

Incomplete Flower

A flower missing one or more of the four whorls.

Perfect Flower

A flower that contains both stamens and carpels.

Imperfect Flower

A flower that contains stamens or carpels, but not both.

Darwin's Abominable Mystery

The sudden appearance and rapid diversification of angiosperms in the mid-Cretaceous fossil record.

Embryogenesis

Development of the embryo that establishes the basic plant body.

Morphogenesis

Development of the plant's shape or form through patterns of cell division and expansion.

Differentiation

Process in which derivative cells become specialized cell types, forming tissues.

Primary Growth

Growth in length produced by apical meristems.

Apical Meristem

A region of actively dividing cells responsible for primary growth, located at root tips and shoot tips.

Protoderm

Primary meristem that gives rise to the epidermis or dermal tissue system.

Ground Meristem

Primary meristem that gives rise to the ground tissue system.

Procambium

Primary meristem that gives rise to primary xylem and primary phloem in the vascular tissue system.

Meristem Cells

Undifferentiated cells capable of repeated division.

Initials

Meristematic cells that remain in the meristem and keep dividing.

Derivatives

Cells produced by initials that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Simple Tissue

Tissue composed mainly of one cell type.

Complex Tissue

Tissue composed of multiple cell types, such as xylem or phloem.

Parenchyma

Ground tissue with living, thin primary walls; found in cortex, pith, and leaf mesophyll, functioning in storage, photosynthesis, and general metabolism.

Collenchyma

Ground tissue cells with living cells and unevenly thickened primary walls; located below the epidermis in young or growing organs to provide flexible support.

Sclerenchyma

Ground tissue cells with thick secondary walls that provide rigid strength and support.

Tracheary Elements

Water- and mineral-conducting cells in xylem, consisting of tracheids and vessel elements.

Protoxylem

Xylem that forms first or earlier while the organ is elongating.

Metaxylem

Xylem that forms later after elongation; forms in the region of maturation in roots.

Sieve Tube Elements

Phloem cells that are living at maturity and conduct phloem sap (sugars and organic materials).

Companion Cells

Phloem cells that support the sieve tube elements.

Root Cap

Living parenchyma covering the root tip that protects the root apical meristem as the root pushes through soil.

Region of Cell Division

Primary root growth region closest to the root tip and root apical meristem.

Region of Elongation

Primary root growth region above the cell division region where cells elongate.

Region of Maturation

Primary root growth region above the elongation region where cells mature and root hairs develop.

Root Hairs

Extensions of root epidermal cells that increase surface area for water and nutrient absorption; part of the dermal tissue system.

Rhizosphere

The region of soil directly influenced by a plant's roots.

Exodermis

A protective outer ground tissue layer developing in the outer cortex of roots that limits water loss and regulates entry into the root.

Cortex

Ground tissue region between the epidermis and vascular cylinder, composed mostly of parenchyma and used mainly for storage.

Apoplastic Transport

Movement of water and solutes through cell walls and intercellular spaces.

Symplastic Transport

Movement of water and solutes through cytoplasm from cell to cell via plasmodesmata.

Endodermis

The innermost layer of the root cortex surrounding the vascular cylinder that regulates movement into the vascular tissue.

Casparian Strip

A waxy or suberized band in endodermal cell walls that blocks apoplastic movement and forces water/solutes to cross a cell membrane.

Vascular Cylinder

The central region containing vascular tissues in roots, located inside the endodermis.

Pericycle

A ring of meristematic cells inside the endodermis at the outside of the vascular cylinder that gives rise to lateral roots.

Phytomere

A repeated shoot unit consisting of a leaf, node, internode, and axillary bud.

Phloem Fibers

Strong supportive sclerenchyma fibers associated with phloem in the vascular tissue system.

Hydrophytes

Plants adapted to very wet or aquatic conditions.

Mesophytes

Plants adapted to moderate water conditions.

Xerophytes

Plants adapted to dry or arid conditions.

Palisade Parenchyma

Tightly packed mesophyll cells toward the upper side of a leaf that serve as the major photosynthetic tissue.

Spongy Parenchyma

Loosely arranged mesophyll cells with air spaces, usually located below palisade parenchyma, that help gas exchange and photosynthesis.

Bulliform Cells

Large specialized epidermal cells in many monocot/grass leaves whose water content changes help the leaf roll or fold during water stress.

Bundle Sheath Cells

Ground-tissue/mesophyll cells surrounding vascular bundles that isolate veins from air spaces and regulate movement into and out of vascular tissue.

Kranz Anatomy

A leaf arrangement in C4 plants where prominent bundle sheath cells form a ring around the vascular bundles.