Caffeine and Xanthines

Flashcards covering key concepts related to caffeine and xanthines from the lecture notes.

What are xanthines?

A group of compounds that belong to the methylxanthine class of alkaloids, commonly found in foods and drinks like coffee, tea, and chocolate, acting as stimulants.

Caffeine

Found in coffee, tea, energy drinks, and some soft drinks; the most widely consumed psychoactive substance with the greatest overall effect on the body.

Theobromine

Primarily found in chocolate and cocoa; it has mild stimulant effects.

Theophylline

Present in tea, especially black and green tea; used medicinally for respiratory treatments such as asthma.

Absorption time for caffeine

Peak blood levels are reached 30 minutes to one hour after intake. Maximal CNS effects are not reached for about 2 hours.

Metabolism of caffeine

Occurs extensively in the liver by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system.

What is adenosine?

An inhibitory neurotransmitter; caffeine acts as an adenosine receptor antagonist.

Interactions of caffeine with other drugs

Includes interactions with beta blockers, stimulants, certain sedatives, and antibiotics.

Health concerns related to caffeine

Not considered a risk factor for cancer; potential concerns include pregnancy loss, low birth weight, and other outcomes.

Possible benefits of caffeine

Includes potential positive effects on wound healing, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's disease.

Caffeine withdrawal diagnostic criteria A

Prolonged daily use of caffeine.

Caffeine withdrawal symptoms

Includes headache, marked fatigue or drowsiness, dysphoric mood, difficulty concentrating, and flu-like symptoms.