Angiosperms

Angiosperm

vascular plants that reproduce sexually by forming flower

most sporophyte dominance and least gametophyte dominance out of all plant types

most diverse of all plants; ex: snow plant lost ability to photosynthesize have become parasitic; connections with mycorrhizal fungi

Double Fertilization

one sperm cell that fertilizes the egg to get zygote, and one sperm cell that fertilizes tissue outside egg which forms nutritive tissue called endosperm

After Fertilization

ovules develop into seeds after fertilization and are contained with a carpel

after fertilization, the carpel ripens into a fruit; carpel is modified leaf tissue

angio prefix = vessel

Monocots

liliopsida class

one embryonic seed leaf called cotyledon; long, narrow leaves with parallel venation; flower parts in 3s or multiples of 3

ex: grasses, lilies, palms, tulips, corn

Eudicots/Dicots

magnoliaopsida class

two embryonic seed leaves in cotyledon; flower parts in 4s, 5s, or multiples of either; leaves with net venation; pollen have 3 pores or furrows

ex: oaks, maples, roses, daisies, peas, peanuts, cacti

Flowers

reproductive shoots that have evolved from leaves; arranged in whorls on the end of stalk called a peduncle; may occur singly or in a cluster called inflorescence

Inflorescence

group of flowers attached to a common axis

Perianth

sterile, non-reproductive parts of flower that include:

calyx: whorl of sepals, green and protect flower in bud

corolla: whorl of petals, thinner than sepals and often brightly colored

Stamen

above the corolla

filament is stem-like structure connected to

Pistil/Carpel

evolved from leaves that folded to contain ovules

ovule contained in ovary; above ovary is colum of tissue called style connected to a sticky structure called stigma; pollen from anthers will stick to stigma

Sporopollenin

a tough decay-resistant covering on pollen grains

pollen is widely present in fossil record and lake sediments due to its resistance to decay

can identify family or genus by pollen grains

Synergent Cells

believed to line up at the end of egg and guide the pollen tube in to allow for fertilization

Lifecyle

alternation of generations- flowering plant diploid stage and haploid gametophyte stage

male depends on stored food in pollen; female is nutritionally dependent on sporophyte

Flower Sporophyte

produces megaspores and microspores

Flower Gametophytes

produce gametes by mitosis

Apomixis

without fertilization; asexual, diplospory

book def: reproduction without fusion of gametes or meiosis in otherwise normal sexual structure

advantageous in regions where pollinators are scarce or plant is well adapted

ex: dandelions, roseaceae, asteraceae, poaceae (grasses)

Staminate & Carpellate Flowers

corn tassels: staminate

corn silk: carpellate

Monoecious

one plant, two kinds of flowers

book def: having unisexual male flowers or cones and unisexual female flowers or cones both on the same plant

Dioecious

staminate and carpellate flowers are on separate plants

book def: having unisexual flowers or cones, with male flowers or cones confined to certain plants and the female flowers or cones of the same species confined to different plants

ex: ginkgo, willow