Budgeting

how to plan a budget; based on the needs of the program

needs assessment

justification for expenses that exceed those of the previous budget cycle

spending-ceiling model

reallocation of institutional funds --> reduced spending levels

spending-reduction model

justification and documentation for every piece of the budget

zero-based budgeting

expenditures and revenues are projected on a monthly basis allowing estimation of cash flow

fixed budgeting

adjustment of monthly expenditures so revenues are not exceeded

variable budgeting

a fixed amount of money for an entire program without specifying how the money can be spent

lump-sum budgeting

a fixed amount of money for each area

line item budgeting

allocates funds for certain activities

performance budgeting