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Behaviorism
Conscious and unconscious mind weren't appropriate topics for psychological investigation. Environments effect behavior. (John B Watson & BF Skinner)
Biological Psychology
Biological systems give rise to mental activity
Cognitive/ Neurosciece
Study attention, perception, memory, problem solving,and language.
Personality Psychology
Study enduring characteristics that people display overtime and across circumstances.
Institutional Review Boards (IRB's)
groups of people responsible for reviewing proposed research to ensure that it meets the accepted standard of science and provides for he physical and emotional well being of research participants. (privacy, confidentiality, informed consent, deception, & risks)
Self Reports
Interviews, Surveys
Correlational Methods
Research method examines how variables are naturally related in the real world.
Experimental Method
Research method test casual hypothesis by manipulating independent variables and measure effects on depended variables
Confound
Anything that affects a dependent variable and that may unintentionally vary between the studies different experimental conditions.
3 steps in critical thinking
-Ask, "What am i being asked to believe of except?"
-Ask, "What evidence is provided to support the claim?"
-Ask, "What are the most reasonable conclusions?"
Mind/ Body problem
Are the mind and body separate or distinct? Or is the mind our own personal experience of the physical brain activity?
Functionalism
Form concerned with the adaptive purpose or function of mind and behavior. (William James)
Evolutionary theory
Species change over time. (Charles Darwin)
Natural Selection
Those who inherit characteristics that help them adapt to their particular environments have an advantage to those who do not.
Gestalt theory
Idea that whole of personal experience is different from the sum of its parts.
Cognitive Psychology
Study of how people think, learn, and remember. (Edward Tolman & George A Miller- colleague of Ulric Neisser)
Cognitive Neuroscience
Studies brain mechanisms that underlie thought, learning , and memory.
Social psychology
Most people are influenced by social situations. (Kurt Lewin)
Levels of psychological analysis: Biological
How the physical body influences our thoughts and behavior. Brain systems, neurochemistry, and genetics.
Levels of psychological analysis: Individual
Individual differences in personality and mental process that affect perceptions and understanding.
Levels of psychological analysis: Social
Investigating how groups affect peoples interactions and peoples influence on each other.
Levels of psychological analysis: Cultural
Thoughts, feelings, and actions are similar throughout cultures.
Developmental Psychology
Study peoples change from infancy to adulthood.
Cultural Psychology
influenced by societal rules that dictate behavior in their cultures.
Clinical Psychology
Factors that cause psychological disorders and best methods to treat them.
Industrial/Organizational Psychology
Issues pertaining to industry and workplace.
Scientific Method
1. Theory
2. Hypothesis
3. Testing Hypothesis
4. Analyze Data
5. Determine what issues need additional investigation
Descriptive Method
Research method provides systematic and objective description of what is occurring. Helpful in early stages of research
Observational Studies
Systematically assessing and coding observable behavior.
Case Studies
Few unique people or organizations
Psychology
Study of mental activity and behavior based on brain processes
Mental Activity
Lets us perceive the world. use of senses to take in outside information.
Behavior
All our actions that result from sensing and interpreting information
Critical thinking
Systematically evaluating information to reach reasonable conclusions best supported by evidence
Rene Descartes
Dualism. Believes mind and body are separate yet intertwined.
Experimental Psychology
Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology lab. Based investigations on a realization: Psychological processes are products of brain activity, therefore must take time to occur.
Reaction time
Time it takes to complete a psychological task
Introspection
Participants had to reflect and report on their thoughts about personal experiences of objects. (Wundt)
Structuralism
Conscious experience can be broken into underlying parts. Expores structures of mind through introspection. (Edward Titchener, Wundts' student.
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalytic theory. Wanted to understand connections between psychology and physical problems. Concluded that human behavior is determined by mental processes operating below the level of conscious awareness. Unconscious mental forces: Troubling childhood experiences and sexual behavior.
Psychoanalysis
Therapist and patient work together in bringing the contents of the patients unconscious into a patients conscious awareness . Once revealed the therapist helps the patient deal with it constructively. (Freud)
Gestalt Psychology
Mental experiences cannot be broken into common underlying parts. Oppose structuralism. Sought to understand how people perceive information. (Max Wertheimer & Wolfgang Kohler)