Miller & Levine Biology - Chapter 13, Miller and Levine Biology Chapter 12

polypeptide

long chain of amino acids that makes proteins

genetic code

The information encoded within the genetic material that can be translated into a protein

codon

A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.

translation

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

anticodon

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

RNA

A type of nucleic acid containing the sugar ribose. Used in protein synthesis.

messenger RNA

RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell

ribosomal RNA

type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes

transfer RNA

type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

transcription

(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA

RNA polymerase

Enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription

mutation

A rare change in the DNA of a gene, ultimately creating genetic diversity.

point mutation

Gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides.

frameshift mutuation

Mutation that shifts the reading frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

protein

An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells

What are the four bases of RNA

adenine - uracil : cytosine - guanine

transformation

process where 1 strain of bacteria is changed by genes from another strain of bacteria

to store,
copy, and
transmit genetic information in a cell

DNA's roles (3)

DNA is made of ___

nucleotides joined into long strands/chains by covalent bonds.

Nucleic acids are made of ___

nucleotides

3 basic components of nucleotides

5 carbon sugar
phosphate group
nitrogenous base

DNA's 4 nitrogenous bases

adenine
thymine
cytosine
guanine

double helix

the shape of DNA; 2 DNA molecules twist around each other like a ladder.

anti-parallel strands

2 strands of DNA run in opposite directions

Why is hydrogen bonding in DNA important?

holds 2 strands of the double helix together;
hydrogen bonds form only between certain nitrogenous bases. These weak bonds allow the structure to separate.

What do we call the following:
adenine pairs with thymine
cytosine pairs with guanine

base pairing

replication

a copying process which duplicates the DNA

unzipping

a process (mediated by enzymes) which separates the two strands of DNA, allowing 2 replication forks to form.

role of DNA Helicase enzymes in replication

unzipping the dna
breaking the hydrogen bonds
unwinding 2 strands

DNA polymerase

enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce and proofread a new DNA strand.

DNA replication occurs when?

in the S phase

prokaryotic DNA replication

starts in a single spot and goes around in 2 directions until the entire chromosome is copied

eukaryotic DNA replication

begins at many different spots on the DNA molecule and proceeds in 2 directions until the entire chromosome is copied

Single - stranded binding protein

proteins that bind to the freshly split DNA molecule to keep the two strands apart.

Bacteriophage

What is the image an example of?

GCAT

What would the complementary DNA strand be if the original strand's sequence is CGTA?

Rosalind Franklin

Scientist who conducted x-ray diffraction on DNA to discover it was a double helix shape

Watson and Crick

Scientists who first build a proper model of the DNA molecule

Erwin Chargaff

Scientist who discovered the amount of adenine and thymine are always equal, as well as the amounts of guanine and cytosine.

Circular

The shape of a bacteria cell's DNA

In the cytoplasm

Where a bacteria cell's DNA can be found

in the nucleus

Where a eukaryotic cell's DNA can be found.

Adenine and Guanine

The bases known as the purines.

Thymine and Cytosine

The bases known as the pyrimidines.