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what was legal in weimar post WW1, but highly regulated?
prostitution
what were the morals police?
a police force which could force some convicted of prostitution to work in licensed brothels, obey curfews and live on gated streets
how did the number of registered sex workers vary per state? (Leipzig VS Hamburg)
Leipzig: 3000
Hamburg: 1,500
despite the morals police, why did many women choose to work as illegal prostitutes?
because submitting to the official system = significant limit to freedom
when were women enfranchised in weimar and what did this do for the prostitution in weimar? ( 2 things)
1919:
led to a huge movement of women to end state-licensed prostitution
to place female social workers, rather than male officers in charge of dealing with sex workers
what was created in 1920 to aid women?
care office - staffed by social workers
what was the care office designed to do?
provide education and financial support for women who were leaving sex work
what happened to the care office by 1924?
it had been established across Germany to help women working as sex workers and to ensure vulnerable women did not take up sex work
how did the Bremen morality scandal lead to a national legal change in 1927? and what was the outcome of this?
1927: sex work was decriminalised
remaining legal brothers were abolished → morals police had a smaller role
then working as a sex workers no longer punishable
what was the Bremen morality scandal of 1926?
publication of killed by life, claimed to be the diary of a teenage sex worker led to a public outcry at police handling of sex work
book described how male police intimidated, mocked and humiliated women suspected of sex work
book led to public demands sex work should be handled by female social workers rather than male police officers
why was there conservative backlash against moves towards sexual equality in 1920?
RW groups viewed some of these changes to women’s rights as a form of cultural decay
which group received backlash for their policies of women?
KDK
what did the KDK campaign against?
americanisation
female emancipation
birth control
homosexuality
what 3 things did the KDk advocate for?
emphasis on traditional values
regular church attendance
dominance of RW politicians → further oppression of women
how did the DVP + DNVP support women? with an example?
supported women in politics
eg: 1926: 32 female politicians in Reichstag
how did the DVP + DNVP not support women?
they rejected feminism, arguing women could not leave their current domestic roles
which left wing groups supported women? but what was also the problem?
SPD + KPD wanted to improve women rights
assumed women would also want to play a domestic role
how did the KPD claim to ‘be in favour of women rights’?
supported extending legal protection to domestic servants + improving maternity benefits
why is the KPD especially known for their feminist activity?
number of known female communists: Rosa Luxemburg
Despite traditional beliefs, Weimar constitution included a significant degree of sexual equality,….what 4 things did this include?
equal political rights, women could vote + stand for office
equal education rights
equal opportunity In the civil service
equal pay in professions
how were conservative values still embedded into the German legal system?
abortion and contraception remained illegal
what was the name of the first influential feminist group and when did they occur?
BDF (bund Deutscher Frauenvereine
1918-1932
how many members did the BDF have by 1929?
900,000 members
why were the BDF not radical?
they campaigned for women to play a leading role in nurturing professions: teaching, nursing, social work
what were two radical women groups during Weimar that campaigned for ‘sexual reform’?
World League for Sexual Reform
League for protection of motherhood
‘sexual reform’ in Weimar was a broad term….what issues did this advocate for? (4 things)
sexual freedom - celebration of erotic love inside + outside of marriage
female sexual pleasure - some reformers wanted to teach men the ‘scientific principles’ of the female sexual orgasm
marriage reform - more accessible divorce
easy access to contraception
what was the ‘emergence of the new woman’ like in Weimar?
lived exclusively in the city, bobbed hair, short skirt + make up
some for trousers, smoked
economically independent - worked in shops / offices
portrayed as confident
who disliked this idea of the Weimar new woman and why?
conservatives: symbol of society in crisis
traditionalists: part of a trend destroying society
according to the Nazis what did men and women have?
different innate qualities and gifts
what were 4 roles Nazis thought all women were to fulfil?
nurturing role: should be skilled in preparing nutritious food and keeping homes safe and clean
racial role: had duty to bear next generation of Aryan race
important economic role → women did 80% domestic shopping had duty to be responsible shoppers, avoiding and boycotting jewish shops + not buy wasteful products (make up)
women had to be beautiful
what did the Nazis publish advice on to ensure women racial role was properly fulfilled?
advice on ‘assortative mating’ to help women choose the right partner
what role did the Nazis say women had no place having? and why?
a political role:
a nazi said allowing women to vote + become members of the Reichstag was damaging
what did Nazis believe to be women most important role?
motherhood and baring children
what did the Nazis offer women in June 1933 as an incentive for women to have children?
interest free loans of RM600 made available to young married women
what are 4 examples of other policies introduced under the Nazis to encourage women to have children?
increasing family allowances
maternity benefits increased
rewards for women were introduced → Honour cross of German Mother award in bronze, silver and gold
Nazi propaganda glorified motherhood
why did the Nazis feel the need to encourage Aryan women to have more children?
they feared ‘racially inferior’ slavic and Jewish people were having more children than Aryans
did Nazi policies to encourage women to have children work?
yes, birth rates did increase in 1930s
what did the Nazis pass in 1933 to encourage marriage and what did it provide?
Law for Encouragement of Marriage passed:
provided RM1,000 loans to new weds
1/4 of loan written off after child birth - 4 children and the loan gone
what did the Nazis call the ideal Aryan woman?
Hitler maiden
what were 4 expectations of this Hitler maiden?
should look natural (avoiding artificial beauty aids)
natural in way she refused to drink / smoke - said it caused infertility
should dress in ‘German style’. hairstyles such as Gretchen braids
should have a body physically suited to child bearing - praised voluptuous bodies
why did Senior Nazis argue against make up?
said painted faces were unhealthy because they reflected a decadent oriental way of behaving
what did this natural nazi women look mean for the cosmetics industry?
it did not end it, to achieve this natural look a range of services were created
what are 3 examples of new services / products created to help women achieve the natural look in the Nazis?
tanning parlours - for natural tan look
deodorant: Sagrotan created for sporting women
Khasana cosmetics developed range of natural products and discrete make up for natural look
what did Senior nazis believe about pornography?
that some forms of female nudity were natural and healthy
what was the name of the SS porn magazine?
the Black corps
why did nazi porn magazines contain pictures of naked black American women as well as German Aryan porn?
to highlight the difference between healthy German nudity and unnatural US porongraphy
how were there divisions with senior nazis regarding women beauty?
who set up the Bureau for beauty and what was it?
they rejected the ideal of the Hitler maiden.
notorious womaniser Robert Lay head of the DAF set up Bureau for beauty
it published advice for women
what were 2 pieces of advice published through the bureau for beauty?
charts of ideal shapes for eyelashes, eyebrows and cheek bones → direct contradiction to Hitler Maiden where eyebrows were to remain untouched
advice how to achieve perfect features through cosmetics
What happened to women following the Reichstag Fire Decree?
immediate action was taken against women suspected of engaging in sex work
morals police began arresting women suspected of sex work
in the first 2 months, how many women had been arrested for sex work under the Nazis? and where?
3,200 in Hamburg alone
in June 1934 what did the morals police do and how did the care officers respond?
morals police: reinstate official brothels and gated streets, banning sex workers from large sections of society
CO: fought back by committing women to hospitals / other care institutions
in 1937 what did Nazis do to suspected prostitutes?
sent them to workhouses to be redeemed through labour → believed these women were ‘morally endangered’
how did the morals police, care officers and nazi officials unite in their view?
united win the view that women who rejected monogamy = danger to society → due to moral corruption + disease
what could care officers and moral police do to ‘sexually deviant’ women in the Nazis?
could be refused welfare on grounds they should be prevented from living and breeding for the good of the race
what did Nazis do to the women who they deemed unfit for breeding?
carried out a process of sterilisation = high immortality rates
how did Nazi policy radicalise toward sexual women?
sent to SS camps
how did the role of women change during WW2?
women took on responsibility of filling jobs after men left
how did the proportion of women in farm work change from 1939-1944 (wartime)?
1939: 55%
1944: 67%
how did the Nazis promote the traditional role of women even during war?
through propaganda, Nazis suggested they should keep their houses tidy and keep children safe.
they could help Germany win the war if they remained home allowing the men to fight
how did war enhance the nurturing role of women in the Nazis?
women enlisted as air raid wardens to protect their community
Nazi women’s groups mobilised women in areas that had been bombed, setting up emergency field kitchen to feed survivors
how did industrial female workers suffer at the start of war?
many of them were sacked due to cutbacks in non essential services eg. textiles
what was the problem with families during war?
what did Himmler recognise? and what was the consequence in 1940?
many women began having new relationships with men whilst their husbands were at war
Himmler realise soldiers morale was dropping at thought of their wives being unfaithful → Himmler ordered women being unfaithful sent to concentration camps
what happened for women politically after war?
Despite being the larger proportion of the electorate → not result in representation in the government
in 1972 what % of the Bundestag was female?
5.8%
how did women lack political outputs in the FRG - examples of CDU/CSU + SPD?
CDU/CSU: favoured male dominated business interests
SPD: gained support from male dominated trade unions
what happened to women politically in 1980 with the emergence of what?
1980: emerged the Green Party - able to get women more involved
feminists pressurised the GP to include abortion reform
what was employment like for women after ww2? and how was this heightened?
poor - emphasis on male employment:
particularly post war when the government sought to ease return of soldiers into a social structure they knew - with women at home
what were women encouraged to do post WW2 and who did this cause tension with?
encouraged to relinquish jobs when men returned
tension with Trummelfrauen who kept families together whilst rebuilding Germany
how did the economic miracle in the 70s change the number of women in work?
1950: 44% of women employed
1970: 50% of women employed
in 1963 a poll of 59% stated what about mothers?
both men and women stated they would support a law banning mothers with children under 10 working
evidence to suggest women took on caring professions in the 1970s?
75% of workforce in hospitals women
what percentage of women were uni professors / school principals in the FRG (to show women didn’t take on managerial roles)
20% school principals
5% uni professors
in 1970s how much less were women paid for the same job as men on average?
65%-78%
how did divorce rates change from 1960 - 1990?
1960: 49,000
1990: 123,000
what was passed in 1977 to ease divorce?
no guilt divorce law: granted divorces on grounds they broke down inevitably (not just abuse, infidelity)
what article in the basic law criminalised abortion?
article 218
despite the basic law how many illegal abortions were occurring as of 1971?
1 million illegal abortions in unsanitary conditions
why did the CDU/CSU oppose legalising abortion?
on religious grounds
no abortion law was attempted until SPD gov of Brandt….what did It state? and did it happen?
legalised abortion in the 1st 3 months of pregnancy if doctor allowed
but the federal constitution court declared It illegal
what was the 1976 indication law?
allowed abortion in the 1st 12 weeks of pregnancy based on social indicators
when did the feminist movement develop in the FRG? and why?
during the 60s:
women resonated with feminist Betty Freida - spoke of lack of opportunities for women
what were key issues for feminists in the FRG?
sexism of male radicals who advocated for social change but expected women to remain home
why did feminists in the FRG criticise the Basic Law and what did they call for?
Demanded full equality, since the basic law stated men and women were equal and yet the reality was so different: stereotyping women as wives, unequal employment
how did the FRG feminists reach a wider base of women?
the had a magazine called Emma
when was Emma founded?
1977
The Weimar constitution set out goals for education…they felt schools should contribute to a young persons..what?
moral education
civil responsibility
personal development
vocational training
desire to see reconciliation with other nations
what was the school law of 1920?
created a single type of elementary school
aim to ensure all German’s received a standard education for first 4 years
existing selective schools phased out
what were the 3 different types of secondary schools In Weimar?
The Gymnasium
The Realgymnasium
Oberrealschule
what was the Gymnasium school in Weimar? and why did they benefit?
most prestigious, often private + so required fees, taught latin & greek
German universities preferred these students
what was the Realgymnasium like?
taught a curriculum like Gymnasium (latin) with subjects reflecting modern world: science and maths
what did the division between the 3 types of secondary schools in Weimar mean
meant the Weimar Republic never achieved their goal of creating an integrated educational system that provided the same educational opportunities
What did the Weimar government introduce to aid the poorer children?
Aufbuschule
what was the Aufbuschule?
designed to offer a Gymnasium style of education to poor children who were gifted but could not afford a fee paying school,
what did Weimar introduce to try and maintain the same standards through all types of schools?
an inspection scheme
what ddi Weimar attempt to get rid of for schools?
church influence
in 1927 what did the ZP try to do? but what happened?
pass laws allowing churches to have greater role in education → defeated by SPD
why did reforms want greater change in education in weimar?
argued existing educational techniques reflected the class structure of society / traditions of church
who was Rudolf Steiner?
a famous educational reformer in Weimar
what did Rudolf Steiner call for?
argued school should be independent of government =, church and business
what did Rudolf Steiner reject?
believed schools should serve interests of students & so developed new school:
rejected hierarchy, teacher & students
emphasised whole body learning not just the mind
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Flashcard (142)