Studied by 6 people
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
explains that basic needs need to be fulfilled before higher needs are important
Deductive Reasoning
general assumptions applied to specific cases
Inductive Reasoning
specific observations leading to specific cases
Secure Attachment
in the attachment study these infants happily explored the environment with the caregiver
Resistant Attachment
in the attachment study infants did not explore much with or without caregiver
Cognitive Dissonance
theory that people are motivated to reduce the discomfort felt when behavior doesn't match attitude
Norms
expectations about how people should behave
Values
shared ideas and standards that are considered acceptable and binding
Role
behavior expected of people because of their social position
Conflict Theory
studies competition between different groups for power
Structural Functionalism
belief that society is stable when social institutions meet needs of citizens
Bystander Effect
occurs when the presence of others discourages an individual from intervening in a situation
Informed Consent
involves a person agreeing to what is proposed by a psychologist
Groupthink
when group members have such strong desire to reach a consensus or agreement they lose the ability to critically examine other alternatives
Illusion of Invulnerability
the feeling of being untouchable
Collective Efforts to Rationalise
discounting warnings that may lead members to reconsider assumptions
Belief in Groups Inherent Morality
ignoring moral consequences of decisions
Stereotyped Views of Enemy Leaders
as too evil to warrant genuine attempts to negotiate or as too weak and stupid to counter whatever risky attempts are made to defeat their purposes
Direct Pressure
member expressing strong arguments/stereotypes
Self Censorship
suppressing one's contrasting views
Shared Illusion of Unanimity
conforming to majority
Self Appointed Mind Guards
members who protect others from info contradicting overall beliefs
Prejudice
a belief about a specific group
Learned Theory
learned behaviors acquired through socialization
Competition Theory
key reason some people come to district other groups is because of economic competition
Agression Theory
people are constantly looking to put the blame on others for their shortcomings- especially financially
Ignorance Theory
refusing to learn about or befriend someone in another cultural group, making one remain unaware of how other cultures function
Socialization
refers to the development process through which individuals acquire the values,behaviors and motivations necessary to adjust and be accepted within a group/society
Primary Socialization
how a person learns basic norms and values during childhood
Secondary Socialization
other agents socializing someone after childhood
Anticipatory Socialization
process of learning how to plan the way you'll behave in a certain situation
Resocialization
the process by which negative behavior is changed into socially acceptable behavior
Positive Reinforcement
assigning stimulus to increase behavior
Primary Groups
clusters of people where their is close face to face interaction
Secondary Socialization
members are rarely in contact
Planned Groups
formed for a specific purpose by members or external individual/group
Emergent Groups
form spontaneously due to people finding themselves in the same place and get to know each other
Explicit Attitudes
based on conscious thoughts and beliefs
Implicit Attitude
based on unconscious thought and expressed automatically
Anthropology
the study of how human communities and cultures have evolved
Psychology
the study of the mind and individual behavior
Sociology
the study of human social relationships and institutions
Extroversion
directing one's interests outward
Introversion
directing one's interests inward
Natural Selection
organisms better adapted to their environment will survive, they then produce offspring
Intrinsic Motivation
desire to perform a task for ones own sake
Extrinsic Motivation
desire to perform a task due to external factors
Social Shields
a device or object used to avoid interaction
Negativity Bias
tendency to recall and react to unpleasant events more easily than positive ones
Noam Chomsky (LAD Theory)
nativism, humans are born with language (LAD) (nature)
B.F. Skinner
behaviorism, language is nurtured
Respect for Dignity of Persons
knowledge from study only used for intended purpose
Responsible Caring
benefit of study is greater than risk
Integrity of Relationships
researchers are not to exploit any relationships to further interests at expense of client
Responsibility to Society
Researchers must acquire accurate knowledge of culture, social structure, customs before working there
Group Unanimity
groups that are in total agreement exert pressure to conform
Group Attractiveness
groups that are in total agreement exert pressure to conform
Limbic System
emotional systems, interested in immediate reward, risk taking
Prefrontal Cortex
responsible for controlling impulses, emotions, forming judgements
Dopamine
neurotransmitter that allows the feeling of pleasure, excitement, motivation, etc
Risk Taking
occurs due to impulsive behavior because of the prefrontal cortex not being developed
Operant Conditioning
learning that uses rewards and punishments to achieve a certain behavior
Positive Reinforcement
assign stimulus to increase behavior
Negative Reinforcement
taking something away to increase behavior
Classical Conditioning
a once neutral stimulus comes to produce a particular response after paired with a conditioned stimulus
Conditioned Response
a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
Unconditioned Response
natural response to an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus
a stimulus that triggers a conditioned response
Unconditioned Stimulus
a stimulus that naturally triggers a response
Nature
genetics determine our behavior
Heredity
refers to physical characteristics and aspects of personality or behavior that are part of your genetic structure
Nurture
our environment, upbringing and life experiences determine our behavior
Environment
the source of external, non inherited influences on human development
Note
Flashcard