SAP Exam

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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

explains that basic needs need to be fulfilled before higher needs are important

Deductive Reasoning

general assumptions applied to specific cases

Inductive Reasoning

specific observations leading to specific cases

Secure Attachment

in the attachment study these infants happily explored the environment with the caregiver

Resistant Attachment

in the attachment study infants did not explore much with or without caregiver

Cognitive Dissonance

theory that people are motivated to reduce the discomfort felt when behavior doesn't match attitude

Norms

expectations about how people should behave

Values

shared ideas and standards that are considered acceptable and binding

Role

behavior expected of people because of their social position

Conflict Theory

studies competition between different groups for power

Structural Functionalism

belief that society is stable when social institutions meet needs of citizens

Bystander Effect

occurs when the presence of others discourages an individual from intervening in a situation

Informed Consent

involves a person agreeing to what is proposed by a psychologist

Groupthink

when group members have such strong desire to reach a consensus or agreement they lose the ability to critically examine other alternatives

Illusion of Invulnerability

the feeling of being untouchable

Collective Efforts to Rationalise

discounting warnings that may lead members to reconsider assumptions

Belief in Groups Inherent Morality

ignoring moral consequences of decisions

Stereotyped Views of Enemy Leaders

as too evil to warrant genuine attempts to negotiate or as too weak and stupid to counter whatever risky attempts are made to defeat their purposes

Direct Pressure

member expressing strong arguments/stereotypes

Self Censorship

suppressing one's contrasting views

Shared Illusion of Unanimity

conforming to majority

Self Appointed Mind Guards

members who protect others from info contradicting overall beliefs

Prejudice

a belief about a specific group

Learned Theory

learned behaviors acquired through socialization

Competition Theory

key reason some people come to district other groups is because of economic competition

Agression Theory

people are constantly looking to put the blame on others for their shortcomings- especially financially

Ignorance Theory

refusing to learn about or befriend someone in another cultural group, making one remain unaware of how other cultures function

Socialization

refers to the development process through which individuals acquire the values,behaviors and motivations necessary to adjust and be accepted within a group/society

Primary Socialization

how a person learns basic norms and values during childhood

Secondary Socialization

other agents socializing someone after childhood

Anticipatory Socialization

process of learning how to plan the way you'll behave in a certain situation

Resocialization

the process by which negative behavior is changed into socially acceptable behavior

Positive Reinforcement

assigning stimulus to increase behavior

Primary Groups

clusters of people where their is close face to face interaction

Secondary Socialization

members are rarely in contact

Planned Groups

formed for a specific purpose by members or external individual/group

Emergent Groups

form spontaneously due to people finding themselves in the same place and get to know each other

Explicit Attitudes

based on conscious thoughts and beliefs

Implicit Attitude

based on unconscious thought and expressed automatically

Anthropology

the study of how human communities and cultures have evolved

Psychology

the study of the mind and individual behavior

Sociology

the study of human social relationships and institutions

Extroversion

directing one's interests outward

Introversion

directing one's interests inward

Natural Selection

organisms better adapted to their environment will survive, they then produce offspring

Intrinsic Motivation

desire to perform a task for ones own sake

Extrinsic Motivation

desire to perform a task due to external factors

Social Shields

a device or object used to avoid interaction

Negativity Bias

tendency to recall and react to unpleasant events more easily than positive ones

Noam Chomsky (LAD Theory)

nativism, humans are born with language (LAD) (nature)

B.F. Skinner

behaviorism, language is nurtured

Respect for Dignity of Persons

knowledge from study only used for intended purpose

Responsible Caring

benefit of study is greater than risk

Integrity of Relationships

researchers are not to exploit any relationships to further interests at expense of client

Responsibility to Society

Researchers must acquire accurate knowledge of culture, social structure, customs before working there

Group Unanimity

groups that are in total agreement exert pressure to conform

Group Attractiveness

groups that are in total agreement exert pressure to conform

Limbic System

emotional systems, interested in immediate reward, risk taking

Prefrontal Cortex

responsible for controlling impulses, emotions, forming judgements

Dopamine

neurotransmitter that allows the feeling of pleasure, excitement, motivation, etc

Risk Taking

occurs due to impulsive behavior because of the prefrontal cortex not being developed

Operant Conditioning

learning that uses rewards and punishments to achieve a certain behavior

Positive Reinforcement

assign stimulus to increase behavior

Negative Reinforcement

taking something away to increase behavior

Classical Conditioning

a once neutral stimulus comes to produce a particular response after paired with a conditioned stimulus

Conditioned Response

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Unconditioned Response

natural response to an unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned Stimulus

a stimulus that triggers a conditioned response

Unconditioned Stimulus

a stimulus that naturally triggers a response

Nature

genetics determine our behavior

Heredity

refers to physical characteristics and aspects of personality or behavior that are part of your genetic structure

Nurture

our environment, upbringing and life experiences determine our behavior

Environment

the source of external, non inherited influences on human development