HSC 4555 Pathophysiology Exam #2 Review

These flashcards cover key concepts and definitions from the HSC 4555 Pathophysiology Exam #2 lecture notes, including alterations in oxygen transport, blood flow, blood pressure, cardiac function, heart failure, and dysrhythmias.

Total Blood Volume

Male: 75.5 mL/kg; Female: 66.5 mL/kg.

Plasma Composition

Plasma is composed of 92% water and 7% plasma proteins.

Erythropoietin

A hormone from the kidney that stimulates erythrocyte production.

Oxygen Binding of Hemoglobin

Each hemoglobin molecule can bind to 4 oxygen molecules.

Role of Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin carries oxygen.

Hemoglobin Production Site

Production occurs in immature red blood cells (RBCs).

Nutritional Requirements for RBC Development

Protein and vitamins (B12, Folate, B6, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vit E and C are essential).

Erythron

Red Blood cells + bone marrow precursors.

Renal Response to Decreased Hemoglobin

A decrease in hemoglobin level decreases the tissue oxygen tension in kidneys.

Energy Needs of RBCs

Red blood cells need energy to maintain ion channels and operate membrane pumps.

RBC Digestion

80-90% of RBCs are digested in the spleen and liver.

Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve

Describes the relationship between PO2 (pressure) and SO2 (saturation).

Forms of CO2 Transport

CO2 is transported as dissolved gas (3%), as bicarbonate ion (HCO; 75%), and in association with hemoglobin forming carbaminohemoglobin (20%).

Anemia

A deficit of red blood cells (RBC).

Polycythemia

An excess of red blood cells (RBC).

Aplastic Anemia Pathogenesis

Stem cell disorder characterized by reduction of hematopoietic tissue and fatty marrow replacement.

Hypertension Grade 1

Systolic (130-139 mmHg) and Diastolic (80-89 mmHg).

Hypertensive Emergency

A sudden increase in either systolic or diastolic pressure with evidence of end-organ damage.

Mitral Valve Function

The mitral valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle.

Heart Failure Definition

Inability of the heart to maintain sufficient cardiac output to meet metabolic demands.

Dysrhythmias Causes

Hypoxia, electrolyte imbalances, trauma, inflammation, and drugs.