AP Gov & Politics Final Exam 2024

Priming can be defined as a way in which the media does which of the following?

Priming can be defined as a way in which the media does which of the following?

c. Alters public perceptions of an issue by embedding that issue in particular stories

Low rates of voter turnout among Hispanic and Asian American immigrants may occur because they

a. are not yet citizens.

Which of the following is a group of individuals who join together to choose candidates for elected office, whether by informal group voting or a formal nominating process?

b. Political party

Voter ID laws are often enacted with the stated goal of _______________, but actually have the effect of _______________.
a. increasing turnout; suppressing turnout among minorities and the poor
b. increasing turnout; suppressing turnout among members of the armed forces serving abroad
c. preventing vote fraud; suppressing turnout among minorities and the poor
d. preventing vote fraud; making ID fraud more common
e. preventing vote fraud; suppressing turnout among members of the armed forces serving abroad

c. preventing vote fraud; suppressing turnout among minorities and the poor

Which of the following best describes what happens at the national convention?
a. Upon arrival, most delegates are undecided as to whom they would like to see as the party's candidate.
b. The delegates from those states that had early primaries and caucuses are seated closest to the front of the convention center.
c. The presidential candidate is chosen by the party delegates.
d. Elites within the political parties are entrusted with making the determination of an appropriate candidate based upon electability.
e. It usually takes three ballots for the party to choose the presidential candidate

c. The presidential candidate is chosen by the party delegates.

In most states, the slate of electors is chosen by which of the following?
a. A majority of votes
b. Two-thirds of the votes
c. A duality of votes
d. A plurality of votes
e. A proportionality of votes

d. A plurality of votes

One of the most effective political ads was a thirty-second spot that depicted a little girl picking daisies in a field and then an image of a mushroom cloud emanating from a nuclear explosion that was done for which of the following candidates?
a. John F. Kennedy in his campaign against Richard Nixon
b. Lyndon Johnson in his campaign against Barry Goldwater
c. Jimmy Carter in his campaign against Ronald Reagan
d. George Herbert Walker Bush in his campaign against Michael Dukakis
e. Bill Clinton in his campaign against George Herbert Walker Bush

b. Lyndon Johnson in his campaign against Barry Goldwater

During the Roosevelt administration in the 1930s, the Democrats enjoyed political priority after years of Republican rule. This is an example of which of the following?
a. A political caucus
b. The populist party
c. Realignment
d. Segregation
e. Dealignment

c. Realignment

The media influences the political socialization of younger Americans and immigrants by doing all of the following EXCEPT
a. transmitting historical information.
b. presenting American culture.
c. portraying diverse regions in the United States.
d. portraying diverse groups in the United States.
e. providing a source of neutral, factual political information.

e. providing a source of neutral, factual political information.

A journalist that includes a negative stereotype about individuals who are African American, Hispanic, or white while reporting on a story is engaging in
a. partisan bias.
b. hazing.
c. priming.
d. racial profiling.
e. yellow journalism

d. racial profiling.

Which of the following statements about those individuals elected to political office in the United States today is most accurate?
a. The individuals elected to political offices accurately reflect the diverse population in the United States.
b. Those elected to political offices are evenly divided between men and women.
c. Representatives today are overwhelmingly white and male.
d. Individuals elected today are younger than candidates elected in the 1800s.
e. Elected officials are overwhelmingly Protestant.

c. Representatives today are overwhelmingly white and male.

The two-party system
a. emerged as a consequence of the form of government created by the Constitution.
b. is a requirement in the Constitution.
c. emerged in the twentieth century.
d. was favored by George Washington.
e. emerged as a consequence of the form of government created by the Constitution and was favored by George Washington.

a. emerged as a consequence of the form of government created by the Constitution.

A presidential candidate would use microtargeting to do which of the following?
a. Create a short list of potential cabinet members
b. Identify individuals who voted for them in the past and focus on them to assure their votes
c. Mobilize the military in times of war
d. Delay an initiative in Congress that might put their candidacy in jeopardy
e. Limit media reports on a negative situation

b. Identify individuals who voted for them in the past and focus on them to assure their votes

When citizens vote for president on election day
a. they are voting for a slate of electors pledged to support a particular candidate.
b. their votes are weighted by their levels of education.
c. their votes are weighted by the number of times they have previously voted.
d. they become members of the electoral college.
e. they are also voting for all other candidates from the same party.

a. they are voting for a slate of electors pledged to support a particular candidate.

The tendency for individuals to only pay attention to information that reinforces their held beliefs is known as which of the following?
a. Framing
b. Media bias
c. Racial bias
d. Selective attention
e. Political ideology

d. Selective attention

Which of the following states holds the nation's first and most famous caucus that requires people to attend a meeting of about two hours in which they indicate their preferences and then try to convince those who are undecided to join their candidate's group?
a. Arkansas
b. Iowa
c. New Hampshire
d. New Mexico
e. Washington

b. Iowa

Priming can be defined as a way in which the media
a. limits access to opinionated information.
b. sets the public agenda of what government ought to do.
c. alters public perceptions of an issue by embedding that issue in particular stories.
d. seeks to make a profit.
e. socializes new generations about major political issues.

c. alters public perceptions of an issue by embedding that issue in particular stories.

What is the primary role of the political consultant in today's campaign process?
a. To organize the Get Out the Vote drive prior to election day
b. To devise the campaign theme and overall strategy
c. To direct fundraising and spending
d. To monitor the campaign's progress through polling
e. To deal directly with the press covering the campaign

b. To devise the campaign theme and overall strategy

The 2010 Supreme Court decision in Citizens United v. FEC allows
a. corporations, unions, and individuals to donate unlimited funds to presidential campaigns.
b. corporations, unions, and individuals to donate unlimited funds to entities that are "independent" of the candidates.
c. corporations, unions, and individuals to donate unlimited funds to political parties.
d. political parties to create special funds to donate to candidates from federal monies.
e. corporations, unions, and individuals to donate unlimited funds to presidential campaigns, as well as to entities that are "independent" of the candidates.

b. corporations, unions, and individuals to donate unlimited funds to entities that are "independent" of the candidates.

The framers of the Constitution wanted ________ to select the president and vice president.
a. Congress
b. natural-born citizens
c. a few reasonable men
d. the people
e. the collective citizenry

c. a few reasonable men

The Supreme Court has been slow in extending free speech to __________, but very quick in applying such protections to ____________.
a. the Internet; television
b. motion pictures; the Internet
c. newspapers; television
d. the Internet; newspapers
e. television; motion pictures

b. motion pictures; the Internet

Sunday morning television shows like Face the Nation repeatedly have more male guests than female guests. This perpetuates
a. a gender bias.
b. racial profiling.
c. gerrymandering.
d. net neutrality.
e. the watchdog effect

a. a gender bias.

The populist movement, which supported inflation to reduce the value of outstanding debts, was
a. part of the Republican party of Reconstruction.
b. the initial platform for women's right to vote.
c. supported by urban working-class voters.
d. able to decisively alter national government policies
e. formed to champion the interests of small farmers.

e. formed to champion the interests of small farmers.

Superdelegates are a part of the presidential nomination process in the
a. Green Party.
b. Libertarian Party.
c. Federalist Party.
d. Republican Party.
e. Democratic Party.

e. Democratic Party.

Which of the following situations reflects a problem with dealignment theory?
a. Straight-ticket voting is now nearly universal.
b. Many so-called independent voters are not really all that independent.
c. Most voters are swing voters.
d. Realignments in American political history are generally unknown.
e. Closely divided elections are rare.

b. Many so-called independent voters are not really all that independent.

Which is true of federal and state laws?
a. They have encouraged third parties to get candidates on the ballot.
b. They let third parties get fewer signatures to place their candidates on the ballot than major parties.
c. The two major parties have a clear advantage because the laws have fewer obstacles for them.
d. The federal laws have made it easy for third- or minor-party candidates to get federal matching funds.
e. All of these choices are true.

c. The two major parties have a clear advantage because the laws have fewer obstacles for them.

The Internet
a. was developed entirely within the private market.
b. began as a commercial enterprise, but was later controlled by government.
c. was stolen from the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
d. descended directly from U.S. Defense Department programs.
e. None of these choices is true.

d. descended directly from U.S. Defense Department programs.

Which of the following is a striking feature of today's political campaigns?
a. Large number of people who are willing to volunteer their time
b. Positive theme that most candidates use exclusively through the election
c. Lack of money contributed to candidates for major political office
d. Importance of paid professionals rather than volunteers
e. Refusal of so many candidates to take advantage of the media

d. Importance of paid professionals rather than volunteers

In Oregon, everyone votes by which of the following methods?
a. Telephone
b. Internet
c. Electronic devices
d. Mail
e. Raising their hand

d. Mail

Most journalists follow __________ that dictates __________.
a. a code of professional ethics; they may not vote in elections they cover
b. a code of professional ethics; a commitment to objectivity and truth
c. a code of professional ethics; they must present information from both sides, no matter what the facts say
d. a liberal ideology; they favor Democrats in their reporting
e. a conservative ideology; they favor Republicans in their reporting

b. a code of professional ethics; a commitment to objectivity and truth

Two major issues of concern that helped shape the 2012 national elections included which of the following?
a. Climate change and environmental regulation
b. Women in the military and national defense
c. Reproductive rights and abortion
d. Same-sex marriage and civil rights
e. Medicare and Medicaid

c. Reproductive rights and abortion

A journalist who includes a negative stereotype about individuals who are African American, Hispanic, or white while reporting on a story is engaging in which of the following?
a. Partisan bias
b. Hazing
c. Priming
d. Racial profiling
e. Yellow journalism

d. Racial profiling

A political party differs from an interest group in that
a. political parties want to operate the government and interest groups do not.
b. political parties do not want to operate the government and interest groups do.
c. individuals must pay dues to a political party but not to an interest group.
d. individuals in a political party agree on all major policy issues.
e. interest groups select candidates to run for office and political parties do not.

a. political parties want to operate the government and interest groups do not.

The advent of broadband Internet access has led to the rise of
a. a single ISP with a national monopoly.
b. a great deal of competition in the broadband market.
c. ISPs with local monopolies.
d. a single ISP with a national monopoly.
e. None of these choices is true.

c. ISPs with local monopolies.

The qualifications required to be a state governor are
a. to be a natural-born citizen within state residency.
b. to be a citizen aged 30 years or older.
c. to be a citizen, aged 30 years or older, within state residency.
d. to be a natural-born citizen, aged 30 years or older, within state residency.
e. varied because they are set by the separate state constitutions.

e. varied because they are set by the separate state constitutions.

By 2010, more people obtained national news from __________ than from __________.
a. national television news; talk radio
b. local television news; the Internet
c. the Internet; a newspaper
d. a newspaper; the Internet
e. the internet; foreign news networks

c. the Internet; a newspaper

The federal regulatory agency that enforces federal campaign laws is
a. the Federal Election Commission.
b. the Department of Elections.
c. the Congressional Campaign Committee.
d. the Voting Rights Commission.
e. the Federal Campaign Commission.

a. the Federal Election Commission.

While younger voters get _______________ of their news from television, it is _____________ for older voters.
a. a relatively small share; a primary source of news
b. a relatively small share; completely irrelevant
c. about half; a primary source of news
d. about half; completely irrelevant
e. most; less important as a source of news

a. a relatively small share; a primary source of news

Voter turnout used to be calculated as a percentage of the __________, but now political scientists use the __________.
a. voting-age population; vote eligible population
b. voting-age population; total population
c. vote eligible population; voting-age population
d. total population; voting-age population
e. total population; vote eligible population

a. voting-age population; vote eligible population

Which of the following is the primary goal of an American political party?
a. Peaceably influencing the American public
b. Signing up large numbers of deeply committed members
c. Getting the party's candidates elected to office by winning elections
d. Collecting member dues
e. Trying to find the other party doing "bad" things

c. Getting the party's candidates elected to office by winning elections

A recurring message of the 2016 presidential campaign season was
a. the apathetic mood of the voters.
b. the Republican dominance of the election process.
c. the Democratic dominance of the election process.
d. the return-to-party mood of the voters.
e. the anti-establishment mood of voters

e. the anti-establishment mood of voters

What is meant by the media providing a political forum for candidates?
a. Covering a political candidate is the main way for the media to increase its income levels.
b. Political forums allow the media to present alternative policies that politicians may not have considered.
c. Candidates are obligated to provide complete disclosure of their views to the public.
d. Candidates for office use news reporting to sustain interest in their campaigns.
e. It allows citizens to directly interact with the political candidate.

d. Candidates for office use news reporting to sustain interest in their campaigns.

Political participation increases with age because older voters
a. are more mobile.
b. were once immigrants.
c. have attained higher levels of education.
d. have less leisure time to learn about candidates.
e. have had more time to experience voting as an expected activity

e. have had more time to experience voting as an expected activity

In many cases, the largest percentage of people in any category, including men, non-Hispanic whites, Millennials and college graduates, identify themselves as
a. Republicans.
b. Democrats.
c. Independents.
d. Libertarians.
e. nonpartisans.

c. Independents.

The focus of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 was to do which of the following?
a. Attempt to tighten national control over media ownership and product content
b. Attempt to deregulate all privately owned media
c. Encourage restrictions on web pages
d. Relax the rules governing media ownership
e. Spark an increase in government-owned media outlets

d. Relax the rules governing media ownership

Which of the following statements concerning the daisy girl ad from the 1964 presidential campaign is true?
a. The ad ran nightly for a month before being retired by the campaign.
b. The ad attempted to portray Lyndon Johnson as a candidate who would lead the United States to nuclear war.
c. The ad backfired and caused a brief surge of support for Barry Goldwater.
d. The ad is an example of classic negative campaign advertising.
e. The ad outraged World War II veterans who thought it played on emotions related to the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

d. The ad is an example of classic negative campaign advertising.

Which event contributed most to an increase in the number of African American public officials?
a. the legal end of segregation in public schools
b. the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment
c. the passage of major civil rights legislation in the 1960s
d. the refinement of the constitutional requirements for office in the latter 1800s
e. the lowering of the legal voting age to 18

c. the passage of major civil rights legislation in the 1960s

The modern Republican Party was formed
a. as a response to the Seneca Falls Convention for women's rights.
b. from a coalition of antislavery factions.
c. as an outgrowth of the Southern Whigs.
d. as the party supporting rum, Romanism and rebellion.
e. during the era of good feelings.

b. from a coalition of antislavery factions.

The adoption of ________ would permit multiple parties to acquire seats in Congress because representation would be based on the percentage of votes that they receive in national elections.
a. divided representation
b. patronage
c. Australian ballots
d. proportional representation
e. ticket splitting

d. proportional representation

John frequently supports Democratic candidates for national office but usually votes for Republicans in state and local elections. John is best described as a/n
a. swing voter.
b. split-ticket voter.
c. independent.
d. dealigned voter.
e. splinter voter

b. split-ticket voter.

Radio, television, wire, and cable are regulated by
a. the Department of Communications.
b. the states.
c. the Federal Communications Commission.
d. the Constitution.
e. themselves, with no government oversight.

c. the Federal Communications Commission.

Which of the following is an example of selective attention?
a. Nora decided to watch only the first presidential debate because any additional debates would be the same.
b. Raja decided not to vote this year because he didn't like any of the candidates.
c. Lydia refused to listen to any news about Democratic candidates because she only votes for Republicans.
d. Brianna noticed that the radio reported on the president's trip to South Africa, but the cable news channel did not.
e. Sun-Jun knows it's important to listen to both candidates before making his voting choice.

c. Lydia refused to listen to any news about Democratic candidates because she only votes for Republicans.

The manner in which members of the electoral college are selected by each state is currently governed by
a. state laws.
b. the Federal Election Commission.
c. Article II of the U. S. Constitution.
d. congressional oversight.
e. federal district court judges.

a. state laws.

Radio, television, and other wireless connections are regulated by which of the following?
a. The political parties
b. The states
c. The Federal Communications Commission
d. The Constitution
e. Themselves, with no government oversight

c. The Federal Communications Commission

Which of the following describes states that will see intense campaigning up to the very day of the election?
a. Battleground
b. Blue
c. Large
d. Red
e. Front-loading

a. Battleground

The segment of the political party that recruits volunteers to become party leaders and identifies potential candidates is
a. a faction.
b. the party-in-the-electorate.
c. the party organization.
d. a public interest group.
e. straight-ticket voters.

c. the party organization.

Which of the following is a statewide election of delegates to a party's national convention, where the delegates will choose the party's presidential nominee?
a. Primary election
b. Party primary
c. Presidential primary
d. Delegation primary
e. General election

c. Presidential primary

Which is true?
a. Straight-ticket voting is now nearly universal.
b. The number of people identifying as independents has grown in recent years.
c. Party identification has been increasing.
d. The rise in Democratic identification may be because of the southern voters.
e. Split-ticket voting is declining.

b. The number of people identifying as independents has grown in recent years.

Nine years of citizenship and at least 30 years of age is the requirement to be
a. the President.
b. the Vice President.
c. a governor.
d. a Representative.
e. a Senator.

e. a Senator.

. In a __________, political parties choose their candidates to run in the ___________.
a. partisan election; general election
b. primary election; secondary election
c. primary election; general election
d. general election; primary election
e. partisan election; primary election

c. primary election; general election

All of the following are true EXCEPT
a. the Republican Party was founded by uniting northern Whigs, anti-slavery Democrats, and members of the Free Soil Party.
b. southerners resented Republicans' role in defeating the South in the Civil War.
c. the Republicans after the Civil War supported business interests and evangelical Protestant cultural values.
d. the Republicans turned to supporting states' rights after the Civil War.
e. the Republicans opposed the prohibition of alcoholic beverages after the Civil War

d. the Republicans turned to supporting states' rights after the Civil War.

After taking control of the Senate in 2014, Republicans hoped to override President Obama
a. through populist appeals.
b. by appealing to grassroots concerns.
c. by impeaching him.
d. by shutting down the government.
e. by passing effective, conservative governmental policies.

d. by shutting down the government.

After the Great Depression, the __________ became the party of the working class.
a. Democratic Party
b. Republican Party
c. Libertarian Party
d. Green Party
e. Federalist Party

a. Democratic Party

The manner in which members of the electoral college are selected within each state is currently governed by which of the following?
a. State laws
b. The Federal Electoral Selection Act
c. Article II of the U.S. Constitution
d. Congressional oversight
e. Federal district court judges

a. State laws

Members of the electoral college selected by each state equal the number of what?
a. House members
b. Senators
c. House members plus senators
d. Voting districts
e. Voting districts plus 3

c. House members plus senators

Political parties are an important feature of the political landscape of the United States, but they
a. do not contribute financially to campaigns.
b. do not run the government.
c. have little power in challenging the party in power.
d. have little influence in deciding government policy.
e. are broad and inclusive, with no dues-paying members

e. are broad and inclusive, with no dues-paying members

Which of the following amendments lowered the voting age to 18?
a. Eighteenth Amendment
b. Nineteenth Amendment
c. Twentieth Amendment
d. Twenty-Sixth Amendment
e. Twenty-Seventh Amendment

d. Twenty-Sixth Amendment

Voter turnout is commonly higher in __________ than in __________.
a. state elections; presidential elections
b. presidential elections; midterm elections
c. local elections; presidential elections
d. local elections; Congressional elections
e. primary elections; general elections

b. presidential elections; midterm elections

A major reason for the two-party system is the electoral system, which is based on
a. the winner-take-all, or plurality, system.
b. proportional representation.
c. one-party dominance of elections.
d. majoritarianism.
e. multi-member constituencies.

a. the winner-take-all, or plurality, system.

Which of the following best describes the populist movement, which supported inflation to reduce the value of outstanding debts?
a. Part of the Republican Party of Reconstruction
b. The initial platform for women's right to vote
c. Supported by urban working-class voters
d. Able to decisively alter national government policies
e. Formed to champion the interests of small farmers

e. Formed to champion the interests of small farmers

Which two states do not use a winner-take-all system in the electoral college?
a. Maine and Ohio
b. Nebraska and Maine
c. Nebraska and Delaware
d. Michigan and Maine
e. Nevada and Nebraska

b. Nebraska and Maine

Available evidence seems to indicate that most journalists and reporters have which of the following?
a. Liberal leanings
b. Conservative leanings
c. Biases in favor of politicians
d. No biases at all
e. Negative leanings

a. Liberal leanings

In many European parliamentary systems, prime ministers are elected by __________, whereas in the United States, presidents are elected ___________.
a. the legislature; through the electoral college
b. a popular vote of the people; through the electoral college
c. the legislature; by a popular vote of the people
d. the aristocracy; by a popular vote of the people
e. the aristocracy; through the electoral college

a. the legislature; through the electoral college

Which of the following committees is responsible for determining the delegates who can participate at the national convention?
a. Credentials committee
b. National committee
c. Platform committee
d. Rules committee
e. Central committee

a. Credentials committee

Which of the following interacts directly with journalists covering a political campaign?
a. Press secretary
b. Moral majority
c. Pollster
d. Political pundit
e. Speaker of the House

a. Press secretary

Which of the following best describes the reason that the two-party system has endured in the United States?
a. Constitutional provision for a bipartisan system that mirrors the bicameral legislature
b. Prevalence of single-member electoral districts
c. Prevalence of multimember electoral districts
d. Rules of proportional representation
e. Constitutional restriction on the speech of third-party candidates

b. Prevalence of single-member electoral districts

Which of the following groups is more likely than the others to affiliate with the modern Democratic Party?
a. Millennials
b. white Evangelical protestants
c. Cuban Americans
d. Americans over age 65
e. wealthy men

a. Millennials

Voter registration drives
a. are a non-controversial political activity.
b. became a political issue when Acorn, a community organizing group, was accused of violating election laws.
c. operate under very loose laws in Republican-controlled states.
d. are organized by public interest and political organizations in the week before an election.
e. All of these choices are true.

b. became a political issue when Acorn, a community organizing group, was accused of violating election laws.

When only declared party members can vote in a primary election, it is called
a. a closed primary.
b. an open primary.
c. a run-off primary.
d. a blanket primary.
e. a caucus.

a. a closed primary.

Which of the following statements best exemplifies yellow journalism?
a. a newspaper editor runs a sensationalized story in order to sell the publication
b. a newspaper owner expounds their political philosophy through its publication
c. a politically-sponsored newspaper runs stories that promote its party's point of view
d. biased journalism that exists in all publications
e. a failure to report the news accurately for fear of retribution

a. a newspaper editor runs a sensationalized story in order to sell the publication

Political parties used the patronage system as a way to do which of the following?
a. Shrink party loyalty
b. Gain access to Congress
c. Build party loyalty
d. Increase party disunity
e. Gain access to interest groups

c. Build party loyalty

The first goal of journalists is
a. attracting viewers that will promote spending by advertisers.
b. reporting the news to keep their viewers and readers informed.
c. developing stories that will appear unbiased while still conveying the ideology of the media corporation.
d. conducting investigative reporting that will increase viewers and readers.
e. engaging viewers and readers in politics by developing agenda-setting stories.

b. reporting the news to keep their viewers and readers informed.

In order to run for president of the United States, a candidate must be at least _____ years of age.
a. 27
b. 44
c. 59
d. 50
e. 35

e. 35

In an effort to appease key constituencies, Republicans place a greater importance than Democrats on which of the following?
a. Gun control
b. The distribution of wealth
c. The military
d. The environment
e. Health care policy

c. The military

The term PAC refers to which of the following?
a. Political action commissions
b. Political access contributions
c. Political action committees
d. Private access contributions
e. Private action campaigns

c. Political action committees

Which of the statements about the 2008 elections is true?
a. The Obama campaign purchased ten times more advertising time than the McCain campaign.
b. Senator Obama accepted public funds for the general election campaign and chose not to accept private donations.
c. Senator McCain accepted $4 million in political action committee (PAC) contributions.
d. The Obama campaign pioneered new ways for an individual to make contributions over the Internet.
e. The amount of money raised by Senator McCain and Senator Obama for each of their campaigns differed by only $1 million

d. The Obama campaign pioneered new ways for an individual to make contributions over the Internet.

Who originally elected the members of the electoral college?
a. House of Representatives
b. People of each state
c. Senate
d. State legislatures
e. State governors

d. State legislatures

Which of the following states is frequently considered to be a battleground state?
a. Texas
b. Florida
c. Oklahoma
d. California
e. Massachusetts

b. Florida

Media access refers to _____ right of access to the media.
a. government's
b. the public's
c. broadcasters'
d. big business's
e. candidate's

b. the public's

The election of 2000 demonstrated
a. the effectiveness of the electoral college in mirroring the popular vote.
b. that Democratic blue states and Republican red states were largely the same as a century earlier.
c. the close political divisions of the nation.
d. how far the country had swung toward a period of Republican dominance.
e. None of these choices is true.

c. the close political divisions of the nation.

Voter ID laws are often __________ because __________.
a. praised; they raise voter turnout across the board
b. praised; they have prevented millions of cases of fraudulent voting
c. criticized; they disproportionately affect the middle class
d. criticized; they disproportionately affect low-income and minority voters
e. criticized; they make it easier for non-citizens to vote

d. criticized; they disproportionately affect low-income and minority voters

When Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein broke the story of the Watergate scandal in the early 1970s, what role of the press were they fulfilling?
a. engaging in political socialization
b. coordinating public actions
c. interpreting developments in news
d. providing essential information for informed political decisions
e. conducting investigative reporting

e. conducting investigative reporting

All of the following are a part of parties' role in organizing and running elections EXCEPT
a. organizing voter registration drives.
b. recruiting volunteers to work at the polls on election day.
c. providing much of the campaign activity to stimulate election interest.
d. working to increase voter participation.
e. articulating policies and opposing the majority party.

e. articulating policies and opposing the majority party.

. If no candidate receives a majority in a primary election (in states that require it), what is the next election?
a. Close primary
b. Blanket primary
c. Runoff primary
d. Preference primary
e. Caucus

c. Runoff primary

When a person decides on a particular belief and then assembles data and arguments to back up his or her conclusions, that person is engaging in
a. rational support.
b. cognitive dissonance.
c. motivated reasoning.
d. unifying thought.
e. political moderation.

c. motivated reasoning.

Which of the following was a recurring message of the 2016 presidential campaign season?
a. The apathetic mood of voters
b. The Republican dominance of the election process
c. The Democratic dominance of the election process
d. The return-to-party mood of the voters
e. The anti-establishment mood of voters

e. The anti-establishment mood of voters

Women could vote in all states with the ratification of the ________ Amendment in 1920.
a. Fifteenth
b. Nineteenth
c. Twentieth
d. Twenty-first
e. Twenty-second

b. Nineteenth

A single corporation can offer television, phone, and Internet services due to which of the following?
a. A key merger between a phone and cable company in the early 2000s
b. The Supreme Court supporting companies' right to make a profit by offering multiple products
c. The Telecommunications Act of 2001
d. The Telecommunications Act of 1996
e. The First Amendment

d. The Telecommunications Act of 1996

Beginning in the 1960s, socially conservative voters, particularly in the South, began to ________, with the result that ________.
a. join the Libertarian Party; third parties dominate the modern era
b. join the Democratic Party; the Democrats came to dominate the modern era
c. join the Republican Party; the Republicans came to dominate the modern era
d. leave the Democratic Party; neither party dominates the modern era
e. leave the Republican Party; neither party dominates the modern era

d. leave the Democratic Party; neither party dominates the modern era

All elected and appointed officials who identify with a political party are the
a. party-in-the-electorate.
b. party organization.
c. party-in-government.
d. party base.
e. party faithful.

c. party-in-government.