industrial revolution - world history 9 honors everett

What was the fundamental change in how goods were produced during the Industrial Revolution?

Manufacturing shifted from being done by hand to being done by machine.

The Industrial Revolution began in _____ in the mid-1700s.

Great Britain

What are the four factors of production essential for industrialization?

Land, Labor, Capital, and Entrepreneurship.

In the context of Britain's industrialization, what did the factor of 'Land' primarily refer to?

Natural resources such as water power, coal, and iron ore.

What major preceding event provided Britain with a large labor force for its factories?

The Agricultural Revolution.

The Agricultural Revolution practice of fencing off common land for private farming was known as _____, which displaced many small farmers.

Enclosures

What agricultural technique involves planting different crops in a field each year to restore nutrients to the soil?

Crop rotation.

In economic terms, what is 'capital'?

The money and resources available to invest in business and industry.

What was a major positive economic outcome of the Industrial Revolution for consumers?

There was a dramatic increase in the amount and variety of goods produced.

What was a significant negative environmental consequence of the Industrial Revolution?

Widespread air and water pollution in industrialized nations.

What new job opportunities were created by the need for engineers, clerical, and professional workers?

It led to the founding of new schools and universities, improving education.

How did the relationship between workers and their employers change in the factory system?

A kind of impersonal relationship developed, in contrast to the cottage industry.

Describe the typical work schedule for a factory worker during the early Industrial Revolution.

A 12 to 14-hour day, six days a week.

What demographic shift occurred as people moved in search of factory jobs?

The population shifted from rural to urban areas.

What term described the wealthy businessmen who owned and controlled the means of manufacturing?

Capitalists.

Which social classes first enjoyed the benefits of better diets, less disease, and longer lives?

The middle and upper classes.

What problem did child labor present during the Industrial Revolution?

Many children, some younger than 10, had to work 10-14 hours a day in harsh conditions.

What was the first industry to undergo industrialization?

The textile industry.

Name an important invention in the textile industry invented by James Hargreaves.

The spinning jenny.

What invention by George Stephenson revolutionized land transportation for goods like coal?

The steam locomotive.

In his 1845 work, how did Friedrich Engels describe the living conditions of the working class in great cities?

He described them as scandalous, with people herded into poorly ventilated, filthy, and overcrowded districts.

What did Michael Faraday observe about the River Thames in 1855?

He observed that it was an opaque, polluted fluid that smelled like a real sewer.

According to Richard Guest, how did a steam loom factory's output compare to that of hand weavers?

The factory could perform the same amount of labor that formerly occupied an entire district of hand weavers.

What was Robert Owen's primary critique of the manufacturing system's effect on human character?

He argued it generated a new character unfavorable to happiness, driven by a love of accumulation and pecuniary gain.

What reform did Robert Owen propose regarding child labor in factories?

To prevent children under ten from being employed in mills of machinery.

In contrast to critics, how did Andrew Ure view scientific improvements in manufacturing?

He argued their aim and effect were philanthropic, as they tended to relieve workmen from exhausting labor.

According to Andrew Ure, the principle of the factory system is to substitute _____ for hand skill.

mechanical science

Term: Laissez-faire

An economic ideology, championed by Adam Smith, that advocates for minimal government interference in the economy.

What did Adam Smith mean by the 'invisible hand'?

The unintended social benefit resulting from individuals acting in their own self-interest.

According to Adam Smith, if a foreign country can supply a commodity cheaper, what should a nation do?

It is better to buy it from them using the produce of one's own industry.

According to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, 'The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of _____.'

class struggles

In Marxist theory, what are the two great, hostile classes that modern society is splitting into?

The Bourgeoisie (capitalist class) and the Proletariat (working class).

How does 'The Communist Manifesto' describe the condition of the working class under capitalism?

As slaves of the bourgeois class, organized like soldiers in an industrial army and enslaved by the machine.

What is the ultimate goal of the Communist movement as stated in the 'Manifesto'?

The forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions.

Which three nations on the European continent were the first to industrialize after Britain?

Belgium, France, and Germany.

Which nation was poised to become an 'industrial giant' on the continent?

Germany.

List two reasons why some areas of Europe were slower to industrialize.

Lack of capital, fewer natural resources, lack of transportation, or political instability.

How did industrialization impact the global distribution of power?

It shifted the world balance of power, favoring industrialized nations.

Industrialization widened the wealth gap between _____ and non-industrialized countries.

industrialized

The drive by industrialized countries to extract resources and sell goods in poorer countries led to the birth of what practice?

Imperialism.

What new social class developed and grew as a result of industrialization?

The middle class.

What was a significant geographical difference influencing the industrialization of Japan versus Egypt?

Japan's island geography protected it from invasion, whereas Egypt's location led to competition and conquest by European powers.

Compare the ultimate success of Japan's and Egypt's 19th-century industrialization attempts.

Japan's revolution was ultimately successful, while Egypt's failed, leading to it becoming a colony for raw materials.

What common internal conflict did both Japan and Egypt face during their attempts to industrialize?

Both had people split between preserving tradition and embracing industrialization.

What was the main purpose of labor unions, which British workers gained the right to organize?

To improve working conditions and make the workplace safer and healthier.

What was the long-term effect of industrialization on the standard of living for the general population?

In time, workers saw an improvement in their standard of living.