Anatomy Lecture Final (Exams 1-3 + Lecture 10 SG)

Anatomy

the study of body structure

Physiology

examines how the body functions

What are the 2 major body cavities?

dorsal cavity (posterior aspect)
ventral cavity

Positive feedback

the outcome amplifies the stimulus

Negative feedback

the outcome negates the stimulus

The main division of bones

axial and appendicular skeleton

Superior

above

Inferior

below

Body planes

transverse
frontal
sagittal

Transverse plane

horizontal

Frontal plane

aka coronal plane
vertical plane divides body into anterior and posterior sections.

Sagittal

vertical line dividing the body into left and right sections.

The visceral pleura is the inner layer covering the

lungs

The study of developmental changes (from conception to birth) is known as

embryologic anatomy

Lateral vs. medial

lateral: away from midline
medial: towards midline

Body membranes

thin sheet of tissues lining the body cavities

3 layers of meninges

dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater

3 serous membranes

pleura
pericardium
peritoneum

Visceral layer

covers external surface of organs

Parietal layer

lines internal surface of body wall

pleura

serous membrane lining lungs

Pericardium

two layered serous membrane associated with the heart

Peritoneum

two layered serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity has how many compartments?

9

Abdominopelvic regions

umbilical region
epigastric region
hypogastric region
right/ left hypochondriac regions
right/ left lumbar
right/ left iliac

The body's largest and heaviest organ

the skin

Proximal vs distal

proximal: towards trunk *proximity
distal: away from trunk *distant

Proximal

nearest point of attachment to limb or structure

Contents of ventral cavity

thoracic cavity
abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity

Contents of dorsal cavity

the brain and the vertebral cavity that contains the spinal cord
CNS

3 types of cartilage

hyaline cartilage
elastic cartilage
fibrocartilage

4 types of tissues

epithelial tissue
nervous tissue
muscle tissue
connective tissue

3 categories of dense CT

dense regular CT
dense irregular CT
elastic CT

The skin's first line of defense is

epithelial tissue

Functions of epithelium

protection
secretion
absorption
lining of cavities

Simple epithelium

single layer of cells with each cell in contact with the basement membrane

Epithelial tissue lines

cavities and surfaces of organs

When epithelium is lining the internal surface of blood vessels it is called

endothelium

At any entrance or exit in the body you can find

epithelial tissue

Diaphragm

separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

Prognosis of epithelial injury is

good because epithelium is highly regenerative and heals well.

Meninges cover the

dorsal cavity

Where can you find simple squamous epithelium?

inside blood vessels

Where can you find simple cuboidal epithelium?

kidneys, ovaries, some endocrine

Simple columnar epithelium lines

fallopian tubes, GI tract, respiratory tract, stomach, intestine

Simple ciliated columnar epithelium is found on

trachea and lining airway

Stratified squamous epithelium lines

mouth, esophagus, vagina, hands, feet, eye

Stratified cuboidal epithelium lines

salivary glands, sweat glands, mammary glands

Nonkeratinized stratified epithelium is found on

conjunctiva of the eye, external female genitalia, and some parts of the oral cavity

Transitional epithelium

is designed to allow epithelium to stretch/expand/ transition

Transitional epithelium lines

preterm urethra, and bladder

Epithelium is vascular or avascular?

avascular

Epithelium is innervated

true

CT is always found underneath

epithelial tissue

Connective tissue arises from

mesoderm/ mesenchyme

Synovial membrane (synovium)

CT lining inner surface of capsule of synovial joint.
Secretes synovial fluid as a lubricating function, allowing for joint surfaces to move smoothly across each other

Reticular fibers

much thinner but similar to collagen fibers.

Reticular fibers are

abundant in spleen, liver, and lymph nodes

Elastic fibers

contain elastin and stretch and recoil easily

Elastic fibers are found in

arteries, veins, lungs, and skin

Collagen fibers are

the most common
strong, cable-like, flexible, and very resistant to stretching

Collagen fibers are found in

tendons and ligaments

CT properties

Composed mostly of non-living extracellular matrix that separates the cells of the tissue.
Can be found between different tissue and organs.
Range from avascular to highly vascular

Stratum basale

the bottom layer of cells with some cells containing melanin protein: melanocytes

Which layer of the integument is thicker?

dermis

The epidermis arises from the

ectoderm

Dermis is

dense irregular CT

Dermis arises from

mesoderm

Calciferol hormone

steroid hormone that increases absorption of calcium in the small intestine

Layers of skin in order from top to bottom

epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous layer, hypodermis

Thick skin

Contains all 5 layers of epidermis strata
Contains sweat glands, but NO hair follicles or sebaceous glands

Adipose CT

Highly vascularized loose CT composed mostly of adipocytes.
Provides insulation, energy, protection, cushion and protects organs.

Loose CT (Areolar CT)

Contains relatively fewer cells and protein fibers than dense CT.
Protein fibers are sparse and irregularly arranged.

Loose CT contains

fibroblast cells
macrophage cells
mast cells

Mature cartilage

Avascular
Provides more flexibility than bone.
Chrondocyte cells

Hyaline cartilage

Most common
Most of fetal skeleton
Functions in support

Hyaline cartilage is found in

nose, bronchi, larynx

Elastic cartilage

elastic fibers ensuring resilience and flexibility

Elastic cartilage is found in

external ear and epiglottis

Fibrocartilage

good shock absorber and resists compression

Fibrocartilage is found on

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, knee joint

Cardiac muscle tissue (myocardium)

1 or 2 central located nuclei
Minimal capacity of regeneration
Intercalated discs
Involuntary

Smooth muscle tissue is

involuntary

The integumentary system is

A visual indictor of our physiology and health.
Covers the body and consists of skin and accessory tissues.

Aponeurosis attaches muscle to

bone, ligament, or fascia

Tendons attach

muscle to bone

Ligaments attach

bone to bone

3 layers of CT of skeletal muscles in order from top to bottom layer

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

Smooth muscle is

involuntary

Smooth muscle is found in

intestine, urinary tract

Cardiac muscle is

involuntary and only found in the heart

Fascicle is

a bundle of several skeletal muscle fibers and is surrounded by PERIMYSIUM

Sarcolemma

plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber located UNDER ENDOMYSIUM

Endomysium

areolar CT that surrounds each muscle fiber

Perimysium

layer of dense irregular CT surrounding each fascicle

Primary function of smooth muscle is

contraction

The prevalence and risk factor of osteoporosis (reduced bone mass) is what in women than in men?

higher

Women gain or lose more skeletal mass each decade

loss

When would yellow bone marrow convert back to red bone marrow?

during severe anemia

As children mature into adulthood,

yellow bone marrow is produced as a product of red bone marrow degeneration