State Mandated Quiz PSY3213C

What are the steps of research for the Scientific Method?

1) Find a research idea

2) Refine/reformulate idea

3) Convert idea into hypothesis

4) Select research design

5) Identify participants

6) Define variables & choose measures

7) Conduct study

8) Analyze data

9) Report results

What makes a good hypothesis?

-Testable and falsifiable

-Based on theory/prior research

What is Pseudoscience?

Doesn't use the scientific process, not testable, resistant to change, and lacks evidence. Resembles science, but does not rely on significant testing

When can you say "cause"?

A true experiment

What are descriptive statistics?

-Mean

-Median

-Mode

-Standard Deviation

What descriptive statistic is best used for skewed outliers?

Median

What descriptive statistic is best used unless there are skewed outliers?

Mean

What does r show?

strength & direction

What does R² show?

Percent of variance explained (r × r)

When do you use a Correlation/Regression Test?

IV and DV are both continuous

When do use a T-Test?

DV is continuous

IV is categorical (2+ Groups)

What is a paired-samples t-test?

same participants tested twice

When do you use an ANOVA Test?

DV is continuous

IV is categorical (3+ Groups)

When do you use a Chi-Square Test?

IV and DV are both categorical

What is a Main Effect?

effect of each IV separately

What is an Interaction?

the effect of one IV depends on the level of another IV

How is an interaction shown?

Lines cross and are not parallel

What is a Nominal Scale of Measurement?

Categories only

What is an Ordinal Scale of Measurement?

Numbers representing a ranked order

What is an Interval Scale of Measurement?

Numbers represent equal distance but there is no true 'zero'

What is a Ratio Scale of Measurement?

Numbers represent equal distance and there is a true 'zero'

What is Reliability?

Consistency of measurement

What is Validity?

The degree to which a test measures what it says it measures

What is Face Validity?

Test appears to measure what it is supposed to measure based on a superficial inspection

What is Content Validity?

Test accurately represents all parts of the concept it is intended to measure

What is Criterion Validity?

Determines whether a test effectively measures what it claims by comparing its results to an established benchmark.

What is Construct Validity?

the degree to which test scores are consistent with theoretical constructs, concepts or expectations.

What is convergent validity?

Related to similar constructs

What is discriminate validity?

Does not relate to unrelated constructs

What is a population?

Entire group of individuals from which a sample is drawn from.

What does the Abstract in APA Format do?

Summary

What is the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

Required when using human/animal subjects. Ensures ethical treatment and must evaluate risks vs. benefits

What is Informed Consent?

-Required before study

-For participants under 17, legal guardian must consent

-Can conceal hypothesis

-Cannot lie about risks

-Participants may withdraw anytime without penalty

What is Debriefing?

Mandatory post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions

What is the goal of debriefing?

restore understanding and respect

What is an Experimental Design?

Only time you can say one variable causes another

What is a Correlational Desgin?

Measures variables as they naturally occur — NO manipulation and NO random assignment.

What is a Quasi-Experimental Design?

Looks like an experiment, but lacks random assignment or full control over the IV

What is a descriptive research designs?

describes behaviors such as surveys or observations

What is a correlational research designs?

identifies associations

What is a Case Study?

In-depth analysis of one individual

True or False: Low variability increases chances of finding statistical differences?

True

What sample type improves external validity?

Representative Random Sample

What are the Belmont Principles?

1) Respect for Persons

2) Beneficence

3) Justice

What does Respect for Persons refer to?

There needs to be informed consent, voluntary participation, and extra protection for vulnerable groups.

What does Beneficence refer to?

Maximize benefits and minimize harm

What does Justice refer to?

Everyone is equally chosen for the study and the potential harm is equal amongst participants

Order mean, median, mode from lowest to greatest in a skewed right bell curve.

Mode, Median, Mean

Order mean, median, mode from lowest to greatest in a skewed left bell curve.

Mean, Median, Mode

What does a p-value show?

The likelihood that our relationship exists/doesn't exist in our study, but not in the real world.

How many variables does a bivariate correlational study contain?

two

What type of variables does a bivariate correlational study look at?

Measured variables

What is the methods section composed of?

-Participants

-Materials

-Procedure

What part of a research paper should you read first?

Abstract

If your study used deception, what should you include in the debriefing?

-That deception was used

-Why it was used

What consent is needed for children in studies?

Parents need to sign consent for those 17 and under. Children also need to know they can stop whenever and extra protection is in place.

When are animals used for research?

When alternates are not fesible. Need to minimize harm and have a trained professional on site.

What is Test-retest Reliability?

Stability of scores each time measured

What is Inter-Rater Reliability?

Consistency of score with different researchers

What is Internal Reliability?

Measure the same constructs

What is Cronbach's Alpha?

Measure of internal consistency reliability.

What is a systematic review?

summary of multiple studies

What is a meta-analysis?

combines effect sizes systematically

What is a Cross-sectional study?

two variables measured at one time point

What is a longitudinal study?

two or more time points measuring change overtime

What is a factorial design?

Design with 2 or more independent variables