Mutations and Proteomics Study Guide

Western Blot:

A technique to detect and analyze specific proteins in a sample.

Describe how the iodine test can detect starch and assay how effective amylase is:

By forming a blue - black color when iodine reacts with the starch molecule, and this can be used to observe the loss of starch.

Membranes used in Western Blots:

Nitrocellulose and PVDF

Translocation:

Translocation occurs when a chromosome breaks and the two fragmented pieces re attach to different chromosomes.

Nitrite:

Nitrite is an ion that is composed of a nitrogen atom bound to two oxygen atoms.

Frameshift:

Frameshift refers to the insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that are not multiples of three

Base in codon most likely to maintain amino acid

The third base, or wobble base, is most likely to be changed

Give an example of a “temperature sensitive mutant” used in ch 12 of chimp book

Teratogen:

Teratogen is an agent that can cause permanent abnormalities in the structure or function of an exposed organism.

Intercalation:

Intercalation is a process where molecules insert themselves between the base pairs.

Transposon:

A mobile dna segment that can move from one location to another within a genome.

Base analog:

molecules that can substitute for normal bases in nucleic acids

Mutagen:

a physical or chemical agent that causes mutations in the DNA sequence of an organism

Hot spot:

Specific locations within a proteins structure where mutations are more likely to result in a desired change in a function

Gene cassette:

A mobile fragment of DNA that carries one or more genese, allowing for its transfer and expression

Reversion:

The production of a wild type gee from a mutant gene

Second-site reversion:

the second site revertant has an extra base inserted, which reverses the original frameshift

True reversion:

True reversion is a second mutation that restores th original wild type DNA sequence at the same site where the initial mutation occured

Dalton, define and relate to amino acids.

Dalton is a unit mass used to measure the molecular weiight of molecules. The average molecular weight of an amino acid is about 110 Da

Secondary antibody:

An antibody that binds to a primary antibody which in turn is bound to an antigen

Missense:

Missense is a DNA change that results in a different amino acids being encoded at a particular position in the resulting protein.

Nonsense:

A genetic mutation in a DNA sequence tha results in shorter, unfinished protein product

Slient:

Mutation that has no effect on protein sequence, meaning the protein functions normally

Radical replacement:

A type oof amino acid change characterized by a large difference in physiochemical properties between original and substituted amino acids

Conservative substitution:

Amino acid replacement that changes a given amino acid to a different amino acid with similar biochemical properties

Mismatch repair:

A DNA repair system designed to recognize and restore misincorporation of single bases

Excision repair:

A cellular process where damaged or faulty sections of DNA are removed and replaced with correct DNA sequences

Gene disruption:

The disturbance of gene expression and impact on overall gene function.

Spontaneous mutation:

A mutation that occurs natural i the absence of intentionally introduced mutagens.

Induced mutations

The type of mutation that occurs once an organisms DNA is exposed to a mutagen

Indentify three industrial uses for amylase:

1) Starch conversion in food and beverages
2) Detergent formulations

3) Textile processing

AMES test, describe and give an example of it’s use:

A bacterial assay uses to screen chemicals for their potential to cause mutations. An example of its use is through various drugs like isoniazid, have been found to be mutagenic in the AMES test..