APHuG Final exam

Agglomeration

when industries are clumped together for mutual advantage.

Antecedent boundary

a boundary made before people were there

Break-of-Bulk points

when the forms of transport change

Bulk-gaining industry

when the product weighs more than the raw materials

Cartogram map

A map in which the shape or size is distorted in order to demonstrate a variable such as travel, population or economic production

Central Place theory

A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on how far people are willing to ttravel for that service

circulation

short term repetitive stuff

ex: kid going to school, then practice, then home every day

combine

a machine used for harvesting crops, especially grain

commercial agriculture

large scale farming used primarily for profit

core countries

According to world systems theory, the most advanced countries

cottage industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution

cumulative causation

a self-reinforcing process where initial changes within a system lead to increasingly stronger and sustained effects, often without a clear end point

deglomeration

when industries that formerly existed in an established agglomeration disperse

denomination

religious subgroup

ex: baptist in christianity

Devolution

when a central government breaks down into smaller, more dispersed groups of power

distribution

way things are dispersed

ethnic religion

-a religion that is particular to one culturally distinct group of people

-hard to adopt

ex: Hinduism, Judaism, and Shintoism

EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone)

The 200 miles from a nation's shoreline where they can use it for its materials and resources

Feedlot

-an area or building where livestock are fed and fattened up

-not much room

-commercial agri

Fordist production

-Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform over and over

-by Henry Ford

formal region

An area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics

functional region

-An area organized around a node or focal point and the reach it has

geopolitics

the study of how geography influences politics and international relations

GMO's

genetically modified organisms

Gravity model

the interaction between two places can be determined by the product of the population of both places, divided by the square of their distance from one another

heartland theory

Hypothesis proposed by Halford MacKinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia is key to power

Hinduism

-A religion native to India, featuring belief in many dietys and reincarnation

- holy book is The Vedas

-temple is place of worship

infrastructure

the basic framework of a building or a system

intervening obstacles

Any forces or factors that may limit human migration.

intraregional migration

Permanent movement within one region of a country.

landlocked state

A state that does not have a direct access to the sea.

international law of the sea

adopted in 1983, it says that foreign countries could not have their military or other ships travel within 12 miles of the coast of any country, and countries have exclusive economic zones (meaning that they have the right to explore for resources up to 200 miles off their shores.)

least cost theory

a concept developed by Alfred Weber to describe the optimal location of a manufacturing establishment in relation to the costs of transport and labor, and the relative advantages of agglomeration or deglomeration

Maquiladores

Companies located in Mexico but owned by American firms

median-line principle

an approach to dividing and creating boundaries at the mid-point between two places.

Megacity

City with more than 10 million people

mental maps

image or picture of the way space is organized as determined by an individual's perception, impression, and knowledge of that space

metacity

A city with a population over 20 million

missionary

An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion.

Monotheism

Belief in one God

multiple nuclei model

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada.

New international division of labor

Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.

Operational boundary dispute

Conflict over the way a boundary should operate or function, such as the conflict over allowing migration across the border

Outsourcing

-A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.

-cheaper labor

Perceptual Region (Vernacular)

how people think about or percieve a region

physical boundary

boundary defined by a physical land mark like a river or a lake

Polytheism

Belief in many gods

pull factor

a factor that makes people to move to a new location

push factor

a factor that makes people to leave old residences

Refugee

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

region

An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features.

relic boundary

A boundary no longer observed but that still affects the present-day area (ex: berlin wall)

Rimland Theory

the belief of Nicholas Spykman that domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia is key for power

scale

the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole

scale of analysis

how zoomed in or out you are when looking at geographic data

Site factors

the physical characteristics of a location itself

Southeast Asian City Model

Sovereignty

states right to have power over their state

states

a country

Supranationalism

three or more countries agree to give up a degree of autonomy in order to pursue common goals. (ex. European Union)

sustainable agriculture

farming for family and close community

syncretic

blending cultural or religious beliefs

Tertiary Sector

the part of the economy that involves services rather than goods

Themes of Geography

location, place, region, movement, human-environment interaction

time-space comprerssion

shorter time for things to get to others

Unitary State

places most power in the hands of central government officials

Universalizing Religion

-A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.

-easy to adopt in everyday life

Voluntary Migration

wanting to migrate

Von Thunen's Model

world city

Centers of economic, culture, and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce.

World Systems Theory

Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world.

international law of the sea

foreign countries cannot have ships/military within 12 miles of the coast of another country