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contains key terms for power, sovereignty, legitimacy, and interdependence
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Legitimacy
actor or action that is considered acceptable to a community/society -- also conformity to the law/rules -- a state/actor accepted as having authority to exercise power over others
Legitimacy (state)
people accept the state’s right to rule over them
Relationship with Authority
a state/actor accepted has having authority and can exercise power over others -- convert power into authority
Legitimation
how political institutions obtain/increase their legitimacy (the process)
Nation-State
a state where most citizens united by factors that define a nation: language or common descent
Regime
political institution that has/seeks legitimacy -- type of government a country has -- democratic, theocratic, monarchical, authoritarian, totalitarian
Input Legitimacy
how a state/actor acquires power -- the process (rules/procedures)
Output legitimacy
how a state/actor uses power after obtaining it -- how the government performs -- sustainable development, economic performance
Interdependence
mutual reliance between actors for resources, ideas, and cooperation -- key feature of globalization -- economic, political, environmental
Complex Interdependence
Theory by Keohane and Nye:
multiple channels connect societies
military force is less useful
multiple issues drive cooperation
contrasting with realist views of anarchy and zero-sum thinking
Economic Interdependence
mutual reliance between economies -- liberals argue that trade reduces conflict by raising costs of war
Positive-Sum Game
situation where all actors benefit through cooperation (e.g. trade agreements)
Zero-Sum Game
situation where one actor’s gain is, inherently, another’s loss -- how realists perceive power politics
Governance
activities designed to steer collective behavior, not necessary backed by formal authority -- broader than government
Reciprocity
principle of mutual exchange -- central to liberal theories of cooperation -- states comply with rules because other also do
International Institutions
structures like the WTO, UN, that facilitate cooperation and are meant to reduce uncertainty between states
Non-State Actors
MNCs, NGOs, and IGOs play vital roles in fostering interdependence and shaping global policy beyond the state
Public-Private Partnerships
collaborations between states and non-state actors to solve transnational challenges -- e.g. Global Fund for AIDS
Liberalism
believes in cooperation and shared interests in the international system
interdependence (especially economic) makes conflict less likely
encourages institutions and rule-based global order
Neoliberal Institutionalism
builds on liberalism
cooperation is possible in an anarchic system due to institutions, interdependence, and reciprocity
Realism
skeptical of interdependence
international politics is conflict-prone + focused on self-interest and relative gains
denies globalization or interdependence changes the structure of international anarchy
Constructivism
role of ideas, norms, and identities in shaping cooperation and global governance -- not only material power
Postcolonialism
critiques how interdependence often reflects unequal power relationships rooted in historical colonialism -- global governance structure reinforce Western dominance
Marxism
struggle between classes between capitalist class and working class
capitalism inevitably leads to inequality, exploitation, and eventually its own downfall
capitalism should be replaced by socialism/communism
Neo-Marxism
global interdependence is a form of capitalist exploitation -- “cooperation” masks unequal global economic relationships