Micro Chapter 20

Respiration Sysyem and Infections

Penicillin

 interferes with peptidoglycan production, contains a square part called beta lactam that competitively inhibits the enzyme that makes peptidoglycan, variable effects because some are resistant.

Cephalosporins

Similar to penicillin, inhibit the cell wall affects mostly gram negative

Vancomycin

inhibits the cell wall, very toxic, used against heart infections and for cleaning machines or equipment.

Bacitracin

 inhibits cell walls and damages cell membrane, toxic so only use topically. 

Macrolides

 inhibit protein synthesis in gram-positive and mycoplasma ex: erythromycin, z-pack

Chloramphenicol

 inhibit protein synthesis but also suppresses red blood cell production in the bone marrow, so usually recommended only for meningitis and typhoid fever 

Clindamycin

Inhibits gram-positive and some anaerobic gram-negative unfortunately clostridioides difficile is resistant to it and can overgrowth in the intestines with its use

Aminoglycosides

 inhibit protein synthesis kills TB and gram negative but can damage the auditory nerve and kidneys ex: streptomycin 

Tetracyclines

Inhibit protein synthesis very broad spectrum

Fluoroquinolones

 synthetic, inhibit the supercoiling of DNA in bacteria, kill gram-positive and gram-negative but have severe side effects 

Rifamycins

 inhibits mRNA in microbacterium, gram-positive and some gram-negative side effect is orange red secretions  treats both TB, neisseria, and meningitis 

Metronidazole

Synthetic, interferes with DNA synthesis in anaerobic organisms (worms) and protozoans, ex: flagyl

Sulfa drugs

Interfere with Folate production inhibit gram-positive and gram-negative humans don't have the enzymes so they don't have side effects some are allergic to the Sulfur ex: bacterium, septra,

Trimethoprim

effective against anaerobic bacteria, interferes with the folate pathway, good for urinary track infections

Polymyxins

damage bacterial membranes and cell contents leak out

isoniazid & ethambutol

Synthetic drugs against mycobacterium, inhibit production of cell wall components 

Viral entry inhibitors

Usually prevent the virus from docking or fusing with the host cell, examples include fostemsavir and ibalizumab maraviroc, enfuvirtid

Capsid inhibitors

Prevent the capsid from assembling or disassembling, example lenacapavir.

Nucleic acid inhibitors

Interfere with DNA &/or RNA, examples include acyclovir for herpes and abacavir for HIV.

Tamiflu

Inhibits the enzyme neuraminidase required for the virus to spread to other cells.

Miconazole and fluconazole

Inhibit fungal membranes, good for Thrush.

Griseofulvin

Taken orally, binds to keratin & stops mitosis, used against skin, nail & hair fungi.

Quinine drugs

Damage the DNA of protozoans, good for malaria.

ivermectin

Interferes with nerves or muscles in worms.

Niclosamide

Interferes with anaerobic ATP production in tapeworms.

Chemotherapeutic agent

Any drug used to treat a disease.

Antimicrobial drug

A drug for infectious diseases.

Spectrum of activity

The range of targets a drug can affect.

Therapeutic index

The lowest dose that is toxic to the patient divided by the dose that is normally used for therapy (a high number is better).

Bacteriostatic

Stops bacterial growth.

Bacteriocidal

Kills bacteria.

EUA- emergency use authorization

The authorization of unapproved medical products because the healthy disaster is so great