Chapter 7: Structure and Function of the Cell

Selectively permeable boundary between the cell and its environment

Cell membrane

Helps stabilize the phospholipids by preventing their tails from sticking together

Cholesterol

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Cytoplasm

Circular motion of cytoplasm within cells

Cytoplasmic streaming

Protein synthesis

Ribosomes

Transport system of folded sacs and tunnels

Endoplasmic reticulum

Processing, packaging, and secreting organelle of the cell

Golgi Apparatus

Cellular respiration, makes ATP

Mitochondria

Main energy source that cells use for most of their work

Adenosine Triphosphate

Digestive sac

Lysosome

Framework of the cell

Cytoskeleton

Long, slender tubes that help shape, support the cell, and separate chromosomes

Microtubules

Flexible, thin threads that shape and support and aide in cytoplasmic streaming

Microfilaments

Short hair-like structures outside the cell

Cilia

Tail-like structures outside the cell

Flagella

Directs all cell activities and synthesizes the nucleic acids

Nucleus

Double membrane surrounding the nucleus and contains pores

Nuclear Envelope

Jelly-like material inside the nucleus

Nucleoplasm

Long thin strands of DNA and proteins

Chromatin

Short, condensed and thick form of DNA

Chromosomes

Synthesizes and partially assembles ribosomes

Nucleolus

Aid in cell division and helps build cilia and flagella

Centrioles

Rigid covering of plant cell

Cell wall

Storage sac for plants

Vacuole

Storage sac for animals

Vesticle

Capture solar energy to convert into chemical energy

Plastids

Traps and converts sunlight into chemical energy through chlorophyll

Chloroplast

Traps and converts sunlight into chemical energy through red, orange, and yellow pigment

Chromoplasts

Storage area for starches, proteins, and lipids in a plant

Leucoplasts

What are cells?

Basic unit of a living organism that can carry out all the processes of life

What is the largest known cell?

ostrich's egg

What is an organism?

a living thing

What is a unicelluar organism?

a living thing that consists of only one cell, most numerous

What is a multicellular organism?

a living thing consisting of more than one cell

What is a colonial organism?

a collection of one-celled organisms living together, dependent relationship with other organisms in the colony, some members of the colony are specialized, first evolutionary step from unicellular to multicellular organisms

When did our knowledge of the cell begin?

1665

Who was Robert Hooke (1665)?

observed cork and saw little boxes and names them cells

Who was Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1675)?

a Dutch microscope maker, first to describe living cells

Who was Matthias Schleiden (1838)?

German botanist who concluded all plants are made of cells

Who was Theodor Schwann (1893)?

German zoologist who concluded all animals are made of cells

Who was Rudolph Virochow (1855)?

German physician who determined cells come only from other cells, found the nucleus was responsible for cell division

What is the cell theory?

All living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, new cells are produced from existing cells

What is the difference between living and non living?

Living must obtain and use energy, able to reproduce, grow and develop, respond to their environment, made up of cells, different levels of organization

What does the nucleus do?

controls all the cells activites

What does DNA do?

directs the formation of the proteins that carry out cell activities

What are organelles?

small specialized structures that performs specific function of the cell

A cell form/shape is a direct reflection of what?

its function

Volume increases more rapidly than what?

surface area

A cell is limited in size by the ratio between its volume and what?

outer surface area

SA/Volume equals

2:1 \= cell divides

What is a prokaryotic cell?

cells that lack nuclei and membrane bound organelles

What is an example of a prokaryotic cell?

bacteria and blue-green algae

What is a eukaryote cell?

cells that contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, mostly multicellular and larger

What is an example of a eukaryote cell?

plants, animals, fungi, protists

What are the main components of a eukaryotic cells?

cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus