Biology quiz that I have in like 2 hours and refused to study for yesterday because I was very tired, ok?

I'm a depressed teenager with an eating disorder and no sense of urgency..I need to lock inbro.

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism.

Catabolism

Breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones (releases energy).

Anabolism

Building complex molecules from simpler ones (requires energy).

Energy

The capacity to do work.

Thermodynamics

The study of energy transformations.

Exergonic Reactions

Release energy (spontaneous, ΔG < 0).

Endergonic Reactions

Require energy input (non-spontaneous, ΔG > 0).

Enzyme

A biological catalyst (usually a protein) that speeds up reactions by lowering the activation energy.

Substrate

The reactant an enzyme acts on.

Active Site

The region of an enzyme where the substrate binds.

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

The temporary association between an enzyme and its substrate.

Lock and Key Model

The substrate fits perfectly into the active site.

Induced Fit Model

The enzyme changes shape slightly to better fit the substrate.

Substrate Concentration

Increasing substrate concentration increases the rate of reaction up to a saturation point (where all enzyme active sites are occupied).

pH

Enzymes have optimal pH ranges. Shifts away from this range can disrupt bonds and denature the enzyme.

Temperature

0°C: Enzyme activity is very low. 20°C: Enzyme activity increases as temperature rises. 37°C: Optimal temperature for many human enzymes. 60°C: Enzyme denatures (loses its shape and function).

Inhibitors

Substances that reduce enzyme activity.

Competitive Inhibition

Inhibitor binds to the active site, blocking the substrate.

Allosteric Inhibition

Inhibitor binds to a different site on the enzyme, changing its shape and reducing its activity.

Environmental Impacts on Enzyme Function

Understand how environmental factors (e.g., pollutants, temperature changes) can affect enzyme activity and the consequences for ecosystems.