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actual yield
The amount of product that is actually obtained from a chemical reaction.
buret
A piece of laboratory glassware calibrated for measuring the volume of liquid delivered.
completion
The condition a reaction has reached when the limiting quantity of reactant has been consumed.
concentrated solution
A solution that has a relatively large amount of solute per volume of solvent.
concentration
The quantity of solute per unit volume of solution or per unit mass of solvent.
dilute solution
A solution that has a relatively low amount of solute per volume of solvent.
dilution
The process of adding more solvent to decrease the concentration of solute in a solution.
end point
The point in a titration at which the indicator signals that the reaction is complete.
equivalence point
The point in a titration at which the ratio of moles of reactants is the same as the ratio in the balanced equation.
Erlenmeyer flask
A flask designed to allow swirling of the liquid contents without spillage.
excess
The quantity of a reactant that exceeds that which can react with the limiting quantity of another reactant.
indicator
A compound that has different colors in solutions of different acidities and is used to signal the end of a titration.
limiting quantity
The quantity of the reactant that will be completely consumed first in a chemical reaction, limiting the quantity of product(s) that can be produced.
limiting reactant
The reactant that runs out first when a chemical reaction is carried out. The reaction stops at that point, and no more product is formed.
molar, M
The unit of molarity.
molarity, M
A measure of concentration defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
percent yield
The ratio of actual yield to theoretical yield, expressed as a percentage.
reacting ratio
A ratio of coefficients from a balanced equation, which represents the ratio of moles of any reactant or product to any other reactant or product in the reaction.
solute
The component of a solution that is dissolved in another component (the solvent).
solvent
The component of a solution that does the dissolving.
standard solution
An aqueous solution whose concentration is known precisely.
stoichiometry
The determination of how much product a reactant can produce or how much of a product can be produced from a given quantity of another substance in a reaction.
theoretical yield
The calculated quantity of product that would result from a chemical reaction based on the stoichiometry of the reaction.
titrant
The solution that is dispensed from the buret in a titration.
titration
An experimental technique used to determine the concentration of a solution of unknown concentration or the number of moles in an unknown sample of a substance.