chapter 10 - substance use disorders

impulse control disorders

a disorder in which a person acts on an irresistible, but potentially harmful, impulse

substance

chemical compounds that are ingested to alter mood or behavior

psychoactive substance

substances that alter mood or behavior

substance use

the ingestion of psychoactive substances in moderate amounts that does not significantly interfere with social, educational, or occupational functioning

substance intoxication

a physiological reaction as well as mood change, resulting from ingestion of substance

physiological dependence

the use of increasingly greater amounts of the drug to experience the same effect (tolerance) and a negative physical response when the substance is no longer ingested

tolerance

the need for increased amounts of a substance to achieve the desired effect, and a diminished effect with continued use of the same amount

withdrawal

a severely negative physiological reaction to removal of a psychoactive substance, which can be alleviated by the same or a similar substance

substance dependence

maladaptive pattern of substance use characterized by need for increased amounts, withdrawal effects, cannot control use

= addiction

substance abuse

a pattern of substance use leading to significant distress or impairment in social and occupational roles and in hazardous situations

alcohol

by-product of the fermentation of yeasts, sugar, and water; the most commonly used and abused depressant substance

depressants

behavioral sedation and induce relaxation

stimulants

more alert and active and elevate mood

opiates

reduce pain and cause euphoria

hallucinogens

alter sensory perception and produce delusions, paranoia, and hallucinations

is GABA inhibitory or excitatory neurotransmitter?

inhibitory

is glutamate system inhibitory or excitatory neurotransmitter?

excitatory

withdrawal delirium

frightening hallucinations and body tremors that result when a heavy drinker withdraws from alcohol

wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

organic brain syndrome that involves general loss of intellectual abilities and can be result of neurotoxicity (brain poisoning)

barbiturates

sedative and addictive drug used as a sleep aid

benzodiazepines

anti-anxiety drugs

used as sleep aid and anti-seizure med

amphetamines

stimulant med used to treat hypersomnia by keeping person awake

hallucinogen:

psilocybin

mushrooms

hallucinogen:

lysergic acid amine

seeds of morning glory plant

hallucinogen:

dimethyltryptamine (DMT)

bark of virola tree

hallucinogen:

mescaline

cactus plant

hallucinogen:

phencyclidine (PCP)

snorted, smoked, or injected and causes impulsivity and aggressiveness

functional genomics

field of research looking at how genes function when it comes to addiction

opponent-process theory to answer why people continue taking drugs despite crash after high

an increase in positive feelings will be followed shortly by an increase in negative feelings

expectancy effect

if you expect to be less inhibited when drinking alcohol, you will act as so whether you have real alcohol or a placebo

view of substance related disorders:

moral weakness model of chemical dependence (psychosocial perspective)

drug use is a failure of self-control in face of temptation

drug users lack character to resist lure of drug

view of substance related disorders:

disease model of physiological dependence (biological perspective)

drug use disorders are caused by an underlying physiological cause

agonist substitution

replacement of dependent drug with a safe one that has similar chemical makeup; an agonist

used to treat dependence

cross-tolerance

when two drugs at on same neurotransmitter receptors

antagonist drug

drug counteracting or blocking effects of psychoactive drug

controlled drinking

very controversial treatment approach to alcohol dependence, where severe abusers are taught to drink in moderation

relapse prevention

treatment model within CBT that looks at the learned aspects of dependence and sees relapse as a failure of cognitive and behavioral coping skills

substance dependence treatment:

covert sensitization

imagining and associating the unpleasant effects coming along with using a substance

substance dependence treatment:

contingency management

clinician and client together select behaviors that client needs to change and decides on reinforcers to reward reaching certain goals

substance dependence treatment:

community reinforcement approach

keeping with multiple influences that affect substance use:

several facets of drug problem are addressed to help identify and correct aspects of person’s life that may contribute to substance use or interfere with efforts to abstain

substance dependence treatment:

motivational enhancement therapy (MET)

increasingly common intervention approach

reminds client about what they cherish most to improve their belief that any change made will have positive outcomes and individual is most likely to make recommended changes

intermittent explosive disorder

episodes during which person acts on aggressive impulses that result in serious assaults or destruction of property

kleptomania

recurrent failure to resist urges to steal things not needed for personal use or their monetary value

pyromania

impulse control disorder that involves having an irresistible urge to set fires

ecstasy and molly are types of “______” that appear in mini epidemics

designer drugs

cocaine withdrawal symptoms differ from alcohol withdrawal how? *dangerous

apathy and boredom w/o the cocaine

nicotine activates what system

CNS

does nicotine have an intoxication pattern or withdrawal characteristics?

just withdrawal symptoms 

caffeine mainly deals with what neuromodulator moreso than dopamine?

it blocks ___ reuptake

adenosine

blocks adenosine reuptake

amphetamines come from ___

stimulants come from ____

labs

nature

after marijuana, second leading type of illicit drug use is ___

illicit opioid containing PRESCRIPTIONS

opioids get users high from activation of body’s natural ____ system

opioid

how can death occur from too much opioids

reduce breathing so much to stop breathing altogether

what drug is most variable in the reactions it can cause

marijuana

reverse tolerance is present in what drug

marijuana

what is reverse tolerance

regular weed users experience more pleasure from drug after repeated use

what hallucinogen are scientists hopeful can have therapeutic potential?

psilocybin

dissociative anesthetics are what type of drug
*especially bad for developing brains

designer drugs

genetics are important in SUDs because why

can affect how your body experiences/metabolizes drugs

anxiolytic affect

ability to reduce anxiety; increases GABA

children of alcoholic are more/less sensitive to highs of alcohol and more/less sensitive to lows of alcohol

more sensitive to highs

less sensitive to lows

believing you will feel ___ from taking drugs leads to drug problems because increases likelihood of use and along with it, problems

good

can biological treatments be used on their own to treat SUDs

no should be used in addition to psychosocial tx, in addition to therapy

AA especially helps addicts with a ______ to stop using

high motivation

what country uses controlled drinking as alcoholic tx

UK

most effective tx for SUDs

CBT

community reinforcement

what section of brain affected in gambling disorders

frontal cortex parts; deals with impulse control and risky decision-making

tx of gambling is easy/difficult

difficult

kleptomania has high comorbidity with what, surprisingly?

mood disorders

what drug makes you calm and helps sleep and reduces seizures

benzos

cocaine affects what neurotransmitter

dopamine

opiates affect what neurotransmitter

GABA

what drug causes bad reactions to a drug ingestion

antabuse