Bone and Muscles unit 1

Vertbal Body

The rounded, weight-bearing block of bone that makes up the front of the vertebra.

Vertebral foramen

The central opening enclosed by the vertebral arch; stacked together, these form the vertebral canal that houses the spinal cord.

Pedicle

The short bony strut connecting the vertebral body to the lamina on each side.

Lamina

The flat bony plate that completes the vertebral arch, running from the pedicle to the spinous process.

Vertebral arch

The bony ring formed by the pedicles and laminae together, enclosing the vertebral foramen.

Spinous process

The single posterior projection formed where the two laminae meet; often palpable through the skin.

Transverse process

The paired projections extending laterally from each pedicle-lamina junction

Articular processes (zygapophyses)

The paired superior and inferior projections that form the facet joints linking one vertebra to the next.

Annulus fibrosus

The tough, fibrous outer ring of the intervertebral disc.

Nucleus pulposus

The soft, gel-like center of the disc that cushions compressive load.

Intervertebral foramen

The opening between two adjacent vertebrae where a spinal nerve exits the vertebral column.

Cervical

The neck; 7 vertebrae, none of which carry ribs.

Thoracic

Where each vertebra has a pair of ribs attached; 12 vertebrae

Lumbar

Below the ribcage; 5 vertebrae, usually the largest and sturdiest.

Sacral

Within the pelvis; 5 vertebrae, fused together into the sacrum.

Scapular spine

The ridge running diagonally across the posterior surface of the scapula.

Acromion

The bony point at the lateral end of the scapular spine, forming the tip of the shoulder.

Glenoid fossa

The shallow socket on the scapula that receives the head of the humerus.

Humeral head

The rounded proximal end of the humerus that sits in the glenoid fossa

Greater / lesser tubercle

The two bony prominences on the proximal humerus, lateral and anterior to the head.

Intertubercular groove

The groove running between the greater and lesser tubercles.

Latissimus dorsi

Orgin: Thoracolumbar fascia; iliac crest; T6 to T12 spinous processes

Insertion:Intertubercular groove of the humerus

Adducts, extends, and medially rotates the humerus at the shoulder

Latissimus dorsi actions?

Trapezius

Orgin: External occipital protuberance; ligamentum nuchae; C7 to T12 spinous processes

Insertion: Scapular spine; acromion; lateral third of the clavicle

Elevates and retracts the scapula, and rotates it to help elevate the shoulder join

What actions does Trapezius do?

Rhomboid major

Orgin T2 to T5 spinous processes

Insertion Medial border of the scapula

Retracts the scapula

What actions does a Rhomboid major do

Rhomboid minor

Orgin C7 to T1 spinous processes

Insertion Medial border of the scapula

Retracts the scapula

what actions does a Rhomboid minor do

Sagittal plane

Divides the body into left and right. Flexion and extension happen in this plane.

Frontal (coronal) plane

Divides the body into front and back. Abduction and adduction happen in this plane.

Transverse plane

Divides the body into top and bottom. Rotation happens in this plane.

Latissimus dorsi, Trapezius,Levator scapula,Rhomboid minor,Rhomboid major

What are the muscles that are the most superfical on the back

Levator scapula

Orgin Transverse processes of C1 to C4

Insertion Superior angle of the scapula

Elevates the scapula; rotates the scapula at the glenohumeral joint

Levator scapula action

Spinalis

Orgin Spinous processes of T11 to L2

Insertion Spinous processes of T2 to T8 (six or seven levels more cranially)

Bilaterally: extends the back. Unilaterally: laterally flexes the back to the ipsilateral side.

what action does Spinalis perform

ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

Longissimus

Orgin Iliac crest, sacrum, and the lumbar and sacral spinous processes

Insertion Transverse processes at higher levels, and the medial aspect of the ribs

Bilaterally: extends the back. Unilaterally: laterally flexes the back to the ipsilateral side, with more leverage than spinalis since it sits farther from the midline.

What action does the Longissimus perfrom

Iliocostalis

Orgin:Iliac crest

Insertion: Angles of the ribs

Bilaterally: extends the back. Unilaterally: laterally flexes the back to the ipsilateral side.

What action does the Iliocostalis prefrom

Spinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis

The ERECTOR SPINAE GROUP inlcudes which muscles

Spinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis

What is the order for the Erector spina group medail to laterl

Rotatores breves

orgin Transverse processes

Insertion Spinous process one level higher

Bilaterally: extends the spine. Unilaterally: rotates the spine to the contralateral side.

what action does the Rotatores breves perfrom

Rotatores longus

orgin Transverse processes

Insertion Spinous process two levels higher

Bilaterally: extends the spine. Unilaterally: rotates the spine to the contralateral side.

what action does the Rotatores longus perfrom

Multifidus

orgin Transverse processes

Insertion Spinous processes two to four levels higher

Bilaterally: extends the spine. Unilaterally: rotates the spine to the contralateral side.

what action does the Multifidus perfrom

Semispinalis

orgin Transverse processes

Insertion Spinous processes four to six levels higher

Bilaterally: extends the spine. Unilaterally: rotates the spine to the contralateral side.

what action does the Semispinalis perform

rotatores , multifidus, then semispinalis

what muscles are part of the THE TRANSVERSOSPINALIS GROUP

they're also important spinal stabilizers.

What does THE TRANSVERSOSPINALIS GROUP do for the body

Right lung

Two fissures (oblique and horizontal), so three lobes: superior, middle, and inferior.

Left lung

One fissure (oblique), so two lobes: superior and inferior. The cardiac notch, not a middle lobe, makes room for the heart.

Main bronchus

is one of two primary air tubes that branch from the bottom of the windpipe to bring air into the left and right lungs

right

Is the right or left Main bronchus wider,stepper and more narrow

Right lung

Which lung gets more aspirated objects

Visceral pleura

The layer fused directly to the lung surface; it cannot be peeled off the lung

Parietal pleura

The layer lining the thoracic wall, diaphragm, and mediastinum

Pleural cavity

The potential space between visceral and parietal pleura, containing a thin film of serous fluid that lubricates lung movement and, via surface tension, helps keep the lung apposed to the chest wall.

Hilum

The root of the lung, where the bronchus, pulmonary vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter and exit; the one place the visceral and parietal pleura are continuous with each other.

Pleural recesses

Extra potential space (costodiaphragmatic and costomediastinal) where the pleura folds back on itself in areas the lung doesn't fully fill, even on a deep breath.

Diaphragm

Orgin Inferior margins of the rib cage

Insertion Central tendon

Contracts to flatten the dome and draw the central tendon inferiorly, increasing thoracic volume for inspiration.

The Diaphragm action

Serratus posterior inferior

Orgin Spinous processes of T11 to L2

Insertion Ribs 8 to 12

Depresses the ribs, forcing air out during forceful exhalation.

What is the action of Serratus posterior inferior

When it contracts, its fibers shorten and flatten its dome, pulling the central tendon downward. That increases the volume of the thoracic cavity, which drops the pressure inside it below atmospheric pressure; air rushes in until the pressures equalize again.

How does insprtion happen

the diaphragm simply relaxes, and pressure from the abdominal cavity pushes it back up to its resting, domed position.

How does exhaltion happen

Thoracolumbar fasci

a large, diamond-shaped layer of dense connective tissue in the lower back and torso that stabilizes the spine and connects upper body muscles to lower body movements

iliac crest

is the thick, curved upper border of the ilium

ilium

is the largest and uppermost bone of the pelvis, forming the prominent upper portion of the hip bone

intertubercular groove of the humerus

is a deep depression located on the upper, front part of the humerus (upper arm bone) that separates the greater and lesser tubercles

External occipital protuberance

is a noticeable bony bump located at the center of the lower back of the skull where the head meets the neck

ligamentum nuchae

is a thick, fibrous band of tissue at the back of the neck that supports the head and stops the neck from bending too far forward

sacrum

is the large, triangular bone at the base of the spine that forms the posterior part of the sacral region of the pelvis

fissures

are deep folds of the visceral pleura that divide the lungs into distinct lobes and help them expand uniformly during breathing

Serratus posterior superior

Orgin Spinous process of C7-T2

Insertion Ribs 2-4

Elevate the ribs

what is the action from Serratus posterior superior

External intercostal muscle

Orgin Inferior margin of the Rib

Insertion Superoior margin of the next lower rib

Fibers run obliquely downward and forward. Elevates the ribs, aiding inspiration.

what is External intercostal muscle action

Internal intercostal muscle

Orgin Inferior margin of the Rib

Insertion Superoior margin of the next lower rib

Fibers run obliquely downward and backward, opposite the external layer. Depresses the ribs, aiding forced exhalation.

what is the action of Internal intercostal muscle

Innermost intercostal muscle

Orgin Inferior margin of the Rib

Insertion Superoior margin of the next lower rib

Fiber direction matches the internal layer. Depresses the ribs, aiding forced exhalation.

what is the action of Innermost intercostal muscle

posterior intercostal vein

are 11 pairs of blood vessels that drain the spaces between the ribs in the posterior thoracic wall

scalenus anterior

Orgin transvere process C3-C6

Insertion 1st rib

Elevate the first rib

what action does the scalenus anterior preform

Buchet Handle respiration

describes the lateral (side-to-side) expansion of the lower rib cage during inhalation, moving like the handle of a bucket lifted upward and outward

Pump handle respiration

to the upward and forward movement of the upper ribs and sternum during inhalation, which increases the front-to-back (anteroposterior) depth of the chest