PHMD 205A Immuno-Oncology (Marangoni)

What best defines a mutation?

A permanent change within a gene. It can be spontaneous or induced

(e.g., sun exposure, cigarettes, a few viruses)

What best defines an oncogene?

Genes whose gain of function through mutation or overexpression cause

uncontrolled cell proliferation or de-differentiation

What best defines tumor suppressor genes?

Genes whose loss of function results in cancer: DNA repair proteins, cell cycle inhibitors, and apoptosis regulators.

What is the Cancer-Immunity Cycle?

A multi-step process in which tumors release antigens, APCs activate T cells, and activated T cells traffic to and kill tumor cells, generating more antigen and sustaining immunity.

What distinguishes a “hot” tumor from a “cold” tumor?

Abundant T-cell infilitration and inflammatory cytokines

Why does high tumor mutational burden (TMB) often predict better response to checkpoint inhibitors?

High TMB creates more neoantigens, increasing T-cell recognition and making tumors more immunogenic (“hotter”).