Module 9: Categories of Antibiotics (Part 1)

Immune system, surgical procedures, and external factors

What are the factors that aid antibacterial drugs in eliminating infecting microorganisms?

Intrinsic

What type of resistance occurs without previous exposure to the antibacterial drug?

Extrinsic

What type of resistance occurs with previous exposure to the antibacterial drug?

Anti-histamine

What is used for the management of mild allergic reactions to antibiotics?

Epinephrine and bronchodilators

Aside from anti-histamine, what are used for severe allergic reactions?

Shortness of breath

What is an early sign of a severe allergic reaction?

Superinfection

This occurs due to a disturbance in the body’s normal flora during antibiotic therapy.

Nystatin

What is used for the management of superinfection, particularly in the mouth?

Penicillin G

What type of penicillin is the first to be administered orally and via injection?

True

True or False: When administering Penicillin G, using the IV route is more effective as the oral route has poor absorption.

Aqueous Pen G

This type of penicillin is administered IM and is painful due to its water content.

Procaine Penicillin G

What type of penicillin decreases pain sensation upon administration, is longer acting, and is milky in color?

Penicillin V

This type of penicillin is less potent than penicillin G but has better absorption.

Broad-spectrum penicillins (Aminopenicillin)

What drug is costlier than Penicillin G but is not penicillinase-resistant? Examples include ampicillin, amoxicillin, cyclacillin, etc.

Penicillinase-resistant penicillins

These are antistaphylococcal penicillins used for treating penicillinase-producing Staph.

Cloxacillin and dicloxacillin

What are the two penicillinase-resistant penicillin drugs administered orally?

Methicillin, nafcillin, and oxacillin

What are the three penicillinase-resistant penicillin drugs administered IV and IM?

Clavulanic Acid

Amoxicillin may be produced with or without what type of acid?

Aspirin and probenecid

What two drugs; if taken with amoxicillin or cloxacillin; produce an increased effect?

Erythromycin and tetracycline

What two drugs; if taken with amoxicillin or cloxacillin; produce a decreased effect or absorption of penicillin?

Sterile abscess and phlebitis

What are the side effects of third-generation cephalosporins?

Slow IV over 30-45 minutes

What is the appropriate management for the side-effects of third-generation cephalosporins?

GI disturbances, increased bleeding, and nephrotoxicity

What are the adverse effects of third-generation cephalosporins?

Erythromycin

What drug is given as a substitute for penicillin and is the drug of choice for Mycoplasma pneumonia and Legionnaires disease?

Lincosamides

What class of antibiotic is effective on Gram+ bacteria only with S. aureus and anaerobic organisms and produces side effects such as anaphylactic shock and colitis?

False

True or False: Lincosamides are compatible with ampicillin.

Vancomycin

This drug is a glycopeptide bactericidal antibiotic that is beta-lactamase resistant and is used against drug-resistant S. aureus and surgical prophylaxis.