U.S. History Midterm Study Guide

Modern U.S. History - Mr. McGuire (11th gr.)

(Vocab) Abraham Lincoln

President of the United States during the Civil War; the man most responsible for emancipation and keeping union together.

(Vocab) Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854; repealed Missouri Compromise ended how we handle slavery, reason the Republican Party started!

(Vocab) Missouri Compromise

In 1820; Compromise to keep the states together, handling dispute as a slave state.

(Vocab) Frederick Douglass

(VERY anti-slavery) most important abolitionist; ending slavery EVERYWHERE in the United States- he escaped from slavery. Wrote one of the most important publishments about slavery.

(Vocab) Dred Scott Decision

Dred Scott (slave) followed a lawsuit (freeman) he is a PERSON (congress can not ban anti-slavery states.) People who were not citizens of the United States would never be recognized.

(Vocab) Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. Bloodiest battle (3 day battle)- 51,000 casualties.

(Vocab) Anaconda Plan

Union's strategy name for winning the civil war.
Plan: naval blockade of Confederate States, gain control of Mississippi river, divide confederacy Tennessee, capturing Richmond Capital.

(Vocab) Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America during Civil War; politician, general in Mexican War.

(Vocab) Ulysses S. Grant

Union general—Republican (18th President of the USA: 2-term president). Captain in the military. He had so much success that he became a general. In the last year of the war (he commanded ALL), he took protecting the rights of African Americans seriously

(Vocab) Emancipation Proclamation

Document issued that all slaves in areas of rebellion (legal authority to end slavery in those areas) Not all areas.Made impossible for British to help the confederacy.

(Vocab) Fifteenth Amendment

This amendment guarantees all African American men the right to vote.

(Vocab) Sixteenth Amendment

This amendment establishes the right to have a federal income tax.

(Vocab) Nineteenth Amendment

This amendment grants women the right to vote in all federal elections.

(Vocab) Reconstruction

The time period the Union runs the South; military construction over states that had rebelled (1865-1877); North occupies the South.

(Vocab) Freedmen's Bureau

government agency founded during Reconstruction to help former slaves; with jobs $$$, not starve, welfare.

(Vocab) Open Range

Gave farmers the ability to graze on federal land

(Vocab) Homestead Act

A law passed in 1862, Lincoln's idea, if you move out west you can own 160 acres of land, people then moved out west, #1 cause of European Immigration.

(Vocab) Sitting Bull

American Indian medicine man, chief, and political leader of his tribe at the time of the Custer massacre during the Sioux War.

(Vocab) Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone

(Vocab) Thomas Edison

Inventor of the light bulb, camera; figure of adaptation of electricity.

(Vocab) Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve (currency), Federal Trade Commission (break up monopolies).
-Wanted to remain NEUTRAL.
-Wanted to keep USA out of the war.
-Most important progressive president.

(Vocab) Laissez-faire

Idea that the government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

(Vocab) Central Pacific Railroad

West to East (California to New England); Utah in the middle. Immigrants from China worked for West Coast (Central Pacific Railroad)

(Vocab) Cornelius Vanderbilt

Also known as "Commodore"
started in the steamboat; father of the massive RAILROAD industry: he united the country because of the railroad; he is very wealthy

(Vocab) John D. Rockefeller

The richest man in American/World history. Father of the OIL industry. Most powerful in the early 20th century. Worth 2 billion.

(Vocab) Andrew Carnegie 

A Scottish immigrant started out with railroads. Father of STEEL Industry.
-Steel was very important, for example bridges...

(Vocab) Vertical Integration

Business term; means they own their suppliers.

(Vocab) Trade Unions

Group of workers who coordinate their activities to achieve common goals (e.g., better wages, hours, and working conditions; job security; training)

(Vocab) Lockouts

Business locks workers out; technique businesses would use to push workers.

(Vocab) Ellis Island

Processing center for immigrants in New York.

(Vocab) Nativism

People who opposes immigration.

(Vocab) Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

(Vocab) William Jennings Bryan

Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party.

(Vocab) Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

(Vocab) Lynching

Mob violence.

(Vocab) Panama Canal

Connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; increased trade.

(Vocab) Direct Primary

A political reform that allowed for the nomination of candidates through a direct vote by party members

(Vocab) Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt's slogan for his presidency; idea of fairness.

(Vocab) Pure Food and Drug Act

More about 'is what the package says actually right?'; gave the government more power to regulate ingredients in food.

(Vocab) Progressive Party (1912 election)

Theodore Roosevelt forms a third political party to challenge the Republican party; finished second.

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Consequences of the Mexican War:

Acquired a ton of land which increased the probability of a civil war because you had to decide if they were a free or slave state

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Reasons for the formation of the Republican Party:

-Kansas Nebraska Act that repealed the missouri Compromise
-Oppose formation of slavery.
-More Anti-slavery whig party (the whig party was no longer their voters needed somewhere to go.)

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Significance of the Underground Railroad:

-Safe houses
-Helped 1000xs of people escape slavery.
-Free blacks
-White abolitionists

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Importance of the Sumner-Brooks affair:

-Convinces people in the North that the South has gotten crazy about slavery; worsened image.
-Bad image of the South.
-Sumner-Brooks strengthens the Republican Party.

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Major provisions of the Constitution dealing with slavery:

-Fugitive Slave Clause: runaway slaves would have to be returned to owners.
-3/5 Clause: 3/5 of slaves had to be apart of taxation and government.
-Ban of International Slave Trade of 1808: can not trade slave internationally after 1808.
-Slavery was never used in the constitution, but was discussed.

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Muckraking journalism and how it promoted social change:

Exposed bad working conditions, corruption, politics, politicians, uncertainty.

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Booker T. Washington vs. W.E.B. DuBois debate on how to promote civil rights:

Two leading civil rights leader.
-DuBois- end segregation
-Washington- improvement of work and working conditions, as well as schools.

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Major reforms and policy achievements associated with the Square Deal:

Square Deal: consumer protection, regulation of monopolies.

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Union strategy and attrition:

-Anaconda Plan: divide and conquer, supply, take control of the Mississippi River, divide the South, ultimately seize Richmond (Confederate Capital)

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) The expansion of the right to vote in the early 20th century:

The 19th Amendment gives women the right to vote.

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) John Brown's raid:

-Abolitionist, had a belief that all slave holders should be murdered.
-Raid on Harpers Ferry; took over United States arsenal on slave holders.

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Consequences of Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive Party campaign in 1912:

-Woodrow Wilson gets elected president.

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) The concept of popular sovereignty:

-Each territory (state) could decide whether to be slave state or free state.

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Fort Sumter:

-Where the Civil War began.
-Seized by South Carolina on base.

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Vicksburg as a Civil War turning point:

-Port of Mississippi River; gets seized after a siege... falls when Gettysburg happens; July 3rd, 1863.

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) How Woodrow Wilson promoted Progressive policies beyond those supported by the Republicans:

-Wanted ALL monopolies to be broken up.

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Enactment of segregation in much of the country in the late 19th century:

Know it happened.

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Major policies supported by the Progressive movement:

-Progressives wanted more political participation; selection (be more direct)

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) How Theodore Roosevelt worked to make the United States a global power:

-Built up our navy (more serious)
-Had the panama canal built

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Robert E. Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia:

The main part of the Confederate army was called the Army of Northern Virginia.

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Radical Reconstruction:

Occupation of Confederacy by soldiers from the North

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Southern resistance to Reconstruction:

Terrorism (ex. KKK)

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) The Compromise of 1877 and the end of Reconstruction:

Compromise ended Reconstruction
---Republicans won the election as long as Northern soldiers have to leave the South

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Sharecropping:

Rented land to farm on, most freed slaves had this job, very poor farmers

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) The Long Drive and the power of the cattle industry:

Cattle drive between 500-1000 miles to get to trains, huge industry

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Territorial expansion during the late 19th and early 20th centuries:

-Hawaii
-Philippines
-Puerto Rico

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) The Roosevelt Corollary and American policy toward Latin America:

-If they owe you money, come to us and we will handle it.

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Restrictions on immigration from Asia:

-their own town (ex. china town)
-segregation

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Gospel of Wealth and philanthropy by the Robber Barons:

an essay written by Andrew Carnegie in June of 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich.

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Causes of the Spanish-American War:

(1898) At the end, Spain is no longer a global power and now the U.S. is a major global power; America acquires territory.

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Consequences of the Spanish-American War:

Produced a peace treaty that compelled the Spanish to relinquish claims on Cuba, and to cede sovereignty over Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to the United States.

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Major immigrant groups of the late 19th and early 20th centuries:

Southern and Eastern Europe, Italians, Polish, Jews

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Assimilation and Native American schools:

Make Native Americans act like Whites (learn English, dress like us, live like us)

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) The purpose of the Dawes Act:

Get own plots of land to farm on, Native Americans did not know how to do this.

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) The meaning of Gross National Product:

Measurement of one year of countries wealth (more wealth = more power)

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Major inventions of the late 19th and early 20th centuries:

-Cars
-Aircraft
-Skyscrapers (usage of steel)
-Usage of radio
-Telephone

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) The importance of the Pacific Railroad Act:

Law that allowed for the building of the transcontinental railroad, authorized union pacific, central pacific to construct.

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Populism and the expansion of the money supply:

-Print money; more conservative people preferred the gold standard.

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) How the more widespread usage of steel changed the economy:

-Steel is most used product; can't build skyscrapers without steel.
-Steel made things possible.

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Corporate stock and economic change:

Owning stock, is ownership of company
Promoted more investment in companies.

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Problems associated with monopolies:

-They can charge whatever they want, bad for consumers (prices)
-Cuts off access to product.
-Lack of competition=higher prices.

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) J.P. Morgan and investment banking:

Very important figure in banking; banks who give loans to businesses. Promotes growth of the economy and global economy.

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Working conditions and the growth of labor unions:

Organization of workers who try to negotiate a labor agreement to get a better deal of pay.
-could mean change
----change in work
----change in hours
----change in pay
----change in who is working
-Working conditions
----no safety
----at your own risk, no regulation.
Labor unions help improve those working conditions.

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Major labor strikes during the late 19th and early 20th centuries:

-Homestead Strike; shootout, tensions
----dispute over what is considered a good deal for workers.

(Objective Questions: T/F or Multiple Choice) Difference between open and closed shops:

Labor Union wants a closed shop- everyone who gets hired must join the union or pay union dues.
Open Shop- you have a choice if you want to join labor union or not.

(Short Essay) Causes of the Civil War and the reasons for Union victory:

Causes of the Civil War:
Reasons for Union Victory:
-more people
-skillful navy (better)
-african americans in the North could help
-more manufacturing
-railroad usage (better transcontinental system)
-better president & political leadership.

(Short Essay) How industrialization changed America-challenges and benefits:

Challenges:
-Rapid growth
-Overcrowded tenant housing
-Sanitation
-More Crime
-Bad working conditions in most factories
-Exploitation of child labor
Benefits:
-Increased standard of living
-Industrialization- makes America a global power
-Transportation

(Short Essay) Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement-government responses to change:

-Limiting monopolies; ending, limiting use of others.
-Better consumer protection for food, medicine.
-Age restrictions (child labor laws)
-Safety
-Better working conditions
Progressives wanted equal participation to vote, voices.