Psyc 104 - Chapter5

Consciousness

Our awareness of internal and external stimuli; subjective awareness of the world, our bodies, and psychological perspectives.

Circadian Rhythm

Biological changes that occur on a roughly 24-hour basis, regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus.

Melatonin

A hormone released by the pineal gland that is regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus and helps control sleep-wake cycles.

Theta Waves

Brainwaves occurring during Stage 1 sleep, with a frequency of 4-7 cycles/second.

Sleep Spindles

Bursts of brain activity that occur during Stage 2 sleep.

Delta Waves

Slow brainwaves characteristic of deep sleep during Stages 3 and 4, important for feeling rested.

REM Sleep

A sleep stage that occupies 20-25% of a night's sleep, characterized by rapid eye movement and increased brain activity.

Insomnia

A sleep disorder characterized by trouble falling asleep, waking too early, or waking during the night.

Narcolepsy

A disorder that causes sudden episodes of sleep, often linked to genetic factors or a lack of the hormone orexin.

Sleep Apnea

A disorder caused by airway blockage during sleep, leading to daytime fatigue.

Night Terrors

Sudden waking episodes characterized by fear, screaming, and confusion, mainly occurring in children.

Lucid Dreaming

The phenomenon where a person becomes aware that they are dreaming while asleep.

Freud's Dream Protection Theory

Freud's theory suggesting dreams protect individuals from anxiety by disguising forbidden thoughts.

Activation-Synthesis Theory

A theory suggesting dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural signals during REM sleep.

Social Cognitive Theory

A theory of hypnosis emphasizing the role of attitudes, beliefs, and expectations in shaping responses to hypnosis.

Depressants

Substances that decrease activity of the central nervous system; examples include alcohol and barbiturates.

Stimulants

Substances that increase activity of the central nervous system; examples include cocaine and amphetamines.

Opiates

Substances derived from opium that produce euphoria and decrease pain; includes heroin and morphine.

Psychedelics

Substances that dramatically alter perception, mood, and thoughts; examples include marijuana and LSD.

Withdrawal Symptoms

Physical and mental effects that occur when stopping the use of a substance, particularly opioids.

Marijuana

A psychedelic that can cause euphoria, enhanced sensations, and time distortion; has both short and long-term effects.

LSD

A potent psychedelic that interferes with serotonin and dopamine receptors, causing altered perceptions.

MDMA

A psychoactive drug that causes increased serotonin release, leading to enhanced mood and perception but also has side effects.