Chapter 17- Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation

Anticodon

________ is a triplet of ribonucleotides able to form base pairs with the codon for the amino acid in mRNA.

RNA polymerase

In bacteria, transcription stops when ________ transcribes a DNA sequence called a transcription- termination signal.

s termination

To translate an mRNA, a ribosome must begin at the first codon in a message, translate the mRNA up to the message ________ codon, and then stop.

Enzymes

________ called aminoacyl- tRNA synthetases catalyze the addition of amino acids to tRNAs- what biologists call "charging "a tRNA.

Translocation

________ is the process in which the ribosome moves one codon down the mRNA once a new peptide bond is formed.

Wobble pairing

________ allows one tRNA to read more than one codon.

cap

Like the 5 ________, the poly (A) tail is required for ribosomes to start translation and to protect the end of mRNA from attack by enzymes.

spliceosome assembles

The ________ as more snRNPs join the complex.

n input of energy

A(n) ________ from ATP is required to attach an amino acid to a tRNA.

Transcription

________ and translation can be coupled in bacteria because there is no nuclear envelope to separate the two processes.

initiator tRNA

The ________ bearing f- Met binds to the start codon.

Translation

________ begins when a section of rRNA in a small ribosomal subunit binds to a complementary sequence on an mRNA (ribosome binding site or Shine- Dalgarno sequence)

DNA

________ that is located in the direction RNA polymerase moves during transcription is said to be downstream from a point of reference.

mRNA

The ________ binds to a small ribosomal subunit.

molecular chaperones

Although folding can occur spontaneously, it is frequently guided and accelerated by proteins called ________.

protein coding genes

For ________, the primary transcript is a pre- mRNA.

tRNA

When a(n) ________ has an amino acid attached, it is known as an aminoacyl tRNA.

Enzymes

________ called RNA polymerases are front and center in transcription.

Translocation

________ requires a type of protein called an elongation factor.

cap

The ________ enables ribosomes to bind to the mRNA, and it also protects the 5 end of the mRNA from enzymes that degrade RNA.

DNA

________ located in the opposite direction is said to be upstream from the same point of reference.