Computer Fundamentals: Hardware, Data Units, and Virtualization Concepts

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Last updated 6:58 PM on 9/10/26
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24 Terms

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CPU

Central Processing Unit. Executes computer instructions.

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RAM

Random Access Memory. Fast, temporary working memory. Generally volatile.

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SSD

Solid-State Drive. Persistent storage using flash memory.

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HDD

Hard Disk Drive. Persistent magnetic storage.

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GPU

Graphics Processing Unit. Processor optimized for highly parallel workloads such as graphics.

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NIC

Network Interface Card/Controller. Allows a device to communicate on a network.

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Motherboard

Main circuit board connecting computer components.

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Firmware

Software stored on hardware that helps control the device.

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BIOS

Basic Input/Output System.

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UEFI

Unified Extensible Firmware Interface. Modern replacement for traditional BIOS.

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bit

One 0 or 1.

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byte

8 bits.

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KB

Kilobyte.

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MB

Megabyte.

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GB

Gigabyte.

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TB

Terabyte.

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Binary

Base 2: 0-1.

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Decimal

Base 10: 0-9.

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Hexadecimal

Base 16: 0-9 + A-F.

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VM

Virtual Machine. A software-defined computer running within another computer.

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Hypervisor

Software that creates/manages VMs.

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Host

Physical/underlying system.

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Guest

VM running on the host.

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Container

Isolated application environment sharing more of the host OS than a traditional VM.